The major method of consolidation. The process where the hippocampus replays events associated with a memory.

Reactivation

- The standard model of consolidation
- Multiple trace model of consolidation

Memory consolidation models

- Synaptic consolidation (late-phase long-term potentiation)
- Systems consolidation
- Reconsolidation

Memory consolidation processes

Long-term recall is improved when studying is broken up into many short sessions rather than long concentrated ones (memory consolidation is improved). 

Spacing effect

Memory is most vivid and enduring when the memory takes place during a period of rapid change and is followed up with long-lasting stability (leads to better encoding/consolidation).

Cognitive hypothesis

It is the opposite of spacing: studying in long concentrated sessions rather than many short ones.

Massing effect

Once information reaches long-term memory, it must be consolidated. This consolidation process occurs at two distinct stages: at the synaptic level, which takes a few hours, and into the broader memory system, which can take weeks or longer.

Levels of Memory Consolidation

The process of memory going from an unstable state to a more stable, permanent one. 

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Google

The process of acquiring information and sending it to long term memory (WM to LTM).

Encoding

Goldstein, E. B. (2014). Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research and everyday experience. Nelson Education.


Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research and everyday experience

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

Encoding (memory) is better when relating words/events to yourself.

Self-reference effect

Creating material yourself, instead of passively receiving improving learning and retention.

Generation effect

information is encoded with considerations to  the context it was presented in.

encoding specificity

Retrieval performance is better when the type of processing involved in encoding is incorporated at retrieval.

Transfer-appropriate processing

Memory Consolidation

A key factor that enhances memory encoding is the meaningfulness of the information. Information that is understood and has significance is recalled more easily than information that is not meaningful. For example, a simple sentence is more likely to be remembered if its meaning is processed.

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