Fear Conditioning
-A type of classical conditioning in which a subject is presented with a light or sound paired with a brief aversive stimulus such as a mild electrical shock. After multiple trials, subjects will experience fear responses such as cardiac and respiratory changes when only light or sound is presented.
-Studies of fear conditioning have shown that the amygdala is the key structure that mediates fear.
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Fear Conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Before, During, and After Classical Conditioning
A dog owner uses an electric can opener to open their dog's food every day. The sound of the can opener running makes the dog excited and start to salivate. Eventually, the dog gets excited and salivates whenever it hears the sound of any electric appliance running in the kitchen, even if it is not the can opener. In this scenario, the sound of the electric can opener is the:
Observational Fear Learning
Amygdala in olfaction
Lesions in the Amygdala Affect Fear Responses
Fear Conditioning
Evidence for Activation in the Amygdala in Response to Fear Face Expression
Functional Connectivity in BPD
TED Talk: 'A Mouse. A Laser Beam. A Manipulated Memory' by Ramirez and Liu
Contextual Influence on Amygdala's Role in Fear Learning: Rat Pup Experiment
A research study compares brain activity in two groups of participants: one group with a diagnosed anxiety disorder and a control group with no disorder. Both groups are shown a series of images, some of which are emotionally neutral and others designed to elicit a fear response. Based on the known function of a key brain structure in processing fear, which of the following outcomes would be most expected?
A research study compares brain activity in two groups of participants: one group with a diagnosed anxiety disorder and a control group with no disorder. Both groups are shown a series of images, some of which are emotionally neutral and others designed to elicit a fear response. Based on the known function of a key brain structure in processing fear, which of the following outcomes would be most expected?
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Why does this matter?
A toddler happily plays near a large, friendly dog. One day, a loud, frightening firework explodes in the sky right as the toddler reaches out to pet the dog. The toddler is startled and cries. Now, whenever the toddler sees that dog, or any similar-looking dog, they show signs of fear and start to cry. In this scenario, what is the conditioned stimulus?