Which of these people was the first female president of the American Psychological Association?

A key area of Mary Whiton Calkins's research was memory, where she specifically studied the phenomena of primacy and recency.

Mary Whiton Calkins's Research on Memory

In her theoretical work, Mary Whiton Calkins demonstrated how the distinct psychological frameworks of structuralism and functionalism could both be utilized to understand and explain self-psychology.

Mary Whiton Calkins's Contribution to Self-Psychology

As a leading psychologist of her time, Mary Whiton Calkins actively opposed the behaviorist movement, a school of thought that was gaining prominence in American psychology during her career.

Mary Whiton Calkins's Opposition to Behaviorism

Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930) was a prominent first-generation American psychologist. Mentored by William James, she completed all doctoral requirements at Harvard in the mid-1890s, but the university refused to grant her the degree due to her gender, despite James's advocacy on her behalf. Her major contributions include founding an early experimental psychology lab, conducting key research on memory, opposing the behaviorist movement, and becoming the first female president of the American Psychological Association in 1905.

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New Mexico Highlands University

Some early female contributors to psychology include:

- Margaret Floy Washburn
- Mary Whiton Calkins
- Mary Cover Jones

Women in Psychology

Notable researchers in psychology include:

- Margaret Floy Washburn
- Mary Whiton Calkins 
- Francis Sumner
- Inez Beverly Prosser
- Horatio Pinero
- Gunamudian David Boaz and Narendra Nath Sen Gupta

Notable Researchers in Psychology

The American Psychological Association (APA) is a professional organization for psychologists in the United States and stands as the largest of its kind globally. Its central mission is to promote and share psychological knowledge to benefit humanity. The APA's structure is diverse, featuring $$54$$ distinct divisions that cover a wide array of specialties. Its membership is equally varied, including students and doctoral-level psychologists from numerous sectors such as educational institutions, the criminal justice system, hospitals, the military, and private industry.

American Psychological Association (APA)

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

Margaret Floy Washburn (1871–1939) was a pioneering psychologist who became the first woman to earn a PhD in psychology. Her significant research contributions focused primarily on the areas of animal behavior and cognition.

Margaret Floy Washburn

Following the election of Mary Whiton Calkins as the first female president of the American Psychological Association in 1905, the presence of women in the field expanded notably. By 1946, women accounted for almost a quarter of all psychologists in the United States, marking a significant demographic shift in the profession.

Growth of Women in American Psychology

Mary Whiton Calkins

Mary Cover Jones was an influential female psychologist recognized for her pioneering work in behavior therapy. Her most famous study involved successfully unconditioning a fear of rabbits in a young boy known as Little Peter, positioning her work as a sequel to John B. Watson's research on Little Albert.

Mary Cover Jones

In India, Gunamudian David Boaz (1908–1965) and Narendra Nath Sen Gupta (1889–1944) were pioneers who established the country's first independent psychology departments. Sen Gupta founded the department at the University of Calcutta, while Boaz established the one at the University of Madras, paving the way for Indian researchers to contribute to the field.

Gunamudian David Boaz and Narendra Nath Sen Gupta

Francis Cecil Sumner (1895–1954) was the first African American to earn a PhD in psychology in the United States, receiving his degree in 1920 with a dissertation focused on issues related to psychoanalysis. A pivotal figure in the field, he was one of the founders of the psychology department at Howard University. His research interests also included racial bias and educational justice. Because of his foundational contributions and accomplishments, he is often recognized as the “Father of Black Psychology.”

Francis Cecil Sumner

Inez Beverly Prosser (1895–1934) was the first African American woman to be awarded a PhD in psychology, receiving her degree from the University of Cincinnati in 1933. Her research was pivotal, focusing on the educational outcomes for children in segregated versus integrated school systems. This work became highly influential in the landmark Supreme Court case, Brown v. Board of Education, which ruled that the segregation of public schools was unconstitutional.

Inez Beverly Prosser

Horatio Piñero (1869–1919) was a key figure in the expansion of psychology into South America. He established some of the continent's first experimental psychology laboratories at two institutions in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Horatio Piñero

A historian is studying the theme of 'overcoming institutional barriers to advance psychological science.' The work and careers of which two individuals would provide the strongest evidence for this theme?

Martin Seligman was a president of APA. Otherwise, he was notably an important established of positive psychology.

Martin Seligman

G. Stanley Hall was a pioneering figure in American psychology, serving as the first president of the American Psychological Association (APA). His career included teaching at Wilberforce University, a historically Black college/university (HBCU), and Antioch College before earning his PhD under the mentorship of William James. Hall also became the founding president of Clark University in Massachusetts.

G. Stanley Hall

The profound diversity of contemporary psychology is mirrored in the structure and membership of the American Psychological Association (APA). This diversity is showcased by its 54 distinct divisions, encompassing a vast array of specialties that range from the Societies for the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, to Exercise and Sport Psychology, and even Behavioral Neuroscience and Comparative Psychology. Additionally, the APA's diverse membership spans from students to doctoral-level psychologists who operate across various sectors, including educational settings, the criminal justice system, hospitals, the armed forces, and industry.

Diversity within the American Psychological Association (APA)

The American Psychological Association (APA) provides a range of resources specifically tailored to assist students in their academic and professional development.

APA Student Resources

The American Psychological Association (APA) provides resources and information regarding career options across the various diverse areas of psychology.

APA Career Information in Psychology

When the American Psychological Association (APA) was established in 1892, its initial membership was exclusively composed of White males. This demographic landscape began to shift in the following decades as women and minority groups increasingly entered the field of psychology.

Founding Demographics of the American Psychological Association

The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is the official guidebook that documents the APA style guidelines. Originating in 1929 as a brief journal article providing basic standards for manuscript preparation, it has since expanded into a comprehensive book that dictates the conventions for writing and publishing in psychology.

American Psychological Association (APA) Publication Manual

The Society for Clinical Psychology, which operates as Division 12 of the American Psychological Association (APA), is an organization dedicated to the scientific approach in clinical practice. It is responsible for maintaining a comprehensive directory of empirically supported treatments, which are therapies that have been scientifically validated to be effective for various psychological disorders.

Society for Clinical Psychology

First published in $$1953$$ and periodically revised, the APA’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct includes approximately $$150$$ specific ethical standards that psychologists and their students must follow. While much of the code addresses clinical practice, it is particularly relevant to psychological research because it provides detailed, enforceable guidance on issues where general moral principles might be interpreted differently. Standard $$8$$ (Research and Publication) establishes mandatory requirements for institutional approval, informed consent, the regulation of deception, debriefing, animal care, and scholarly integrity.

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