Mary Whiton Calkins
Mary Whiton Calkins is a psychologist whose life provides an example of gender discrimination. In the late 1880s, when Harvard did not accept women, she was given special permission to attend graduate seminars there, and at one point was the sole student of the famous psychologist William James. She passed all the requirements needed for a PhD and was described by psychologist Hugo Münsterberg as “one of the strongest professors of psychology in this country.” However, Harvard refused to grant Calkins a PhD because she was a woman.
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