"RNA extraction was performed using the RNeasy Plus Mini Kit (Qiagen) following the manufacturer’s protocol from sample prepared from the tip of the swab. RNA purity was assessed using Qubit 2.0 fluorometer and Agilent TapeStation 2200 for RNA quantity and quality. Host RNA-seq libraries were generated using Illumina TruSeq RNA Access, which converts total RNA into template molecules, followed by sequence-specific capture of coding RNA. The complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries were quantified using Qubit 2.0 fluorometer, and the quality was examined using Agilent Tapestation 2200.The cDNA libraries were pooled at a final concentration of 2.0 pM. Cluster generation and paired-read, dual-indexed 75 bp sequencing was performed on Illumina NextSeq 500."