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Neutral Stimulus (NS)
A neutral stimulus (NS) is a stimulus that does not naturally elicit the target response before conditioning begins. This is because the organism has no prior learned association with the stimulus that would trigger that specific reaction. For instance, before Pavlov's experiment, the sound of a tone was a neutral stimulus to the dogs, as it did not cause them to salivate.
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Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
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A dog owner uses an electric can opener to open their dog's food every day. The sound of the can opener running makes the dog excited and start to salivate. Eventually, the dog gets excited and salivates whenever it hears the sound of any electric appliance running in the kitchen, even if it is not the can opener. In this scenario, the sound of the electric can opener is the: