In an empirical study of older adults (mean age around 80 years), three months of olfactory training led to significantly higher scores in odor threshold and odor identification performance compared to a control group. However, olfactory scores did not significantly increase from pre-test to post-test within the training group itself. This indicates that olfactory training in older adults prevents age-related olfactory deterioration rather than active improvement of olfactory function (Schriever et al., 2014).