According to adult subjects, helicopter parenting resulted in increased perceptions of:
- Openness
- Guidance
- Emotional support 
in the parent–child relationship

Saint Louis University

In this study, researchers investigate the impact of helicopter parenting on incoming college students' autonomy, and its implications regarding mental and physical health. 

Helicopter parenting and emerging adult self-efficacy: Implications for mental and physical health

Reed, K., Duncan, J. M., Lucier-Greer, M., Fixelle, C., & Ferraro, A. J. (2016). Helicopter parenting and emerging adult self-efficacy: Implications for mental and physical health. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(10), 3136–3149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0466-x

Helicopter Parenting and Emerging Adult Self-Efficacy

Overly involved, protective parents who provide substantial support (e.g.,
financial, emotional, physical health advice) to their emerging adult children, often intervening in their affairs and making decisions for them.

Helicopter Parents

Positive Outcomes of Helicopter Parenting 

Although parents often have positive intentions, helicopter parenting often results in: 
- Lowered family satisfaction 
- A critical family environment 
- Decreased perceptions of well-being 
- Increased levels of psychological adversity (ex. anxiety, stress, depression, and lowered life satisfaction) for the emerging adult child

Negative Outcomes of Helicopter Parenting

These parents are involved in their child’s life, but consider the child’s perspective and act in ways which encourage the child’s independence and ability to solve their own problems.

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