It examines psychology through the lens of evolution. How the human psyche has come to be through our "iterative development". Evolutionary psychology is a theoretical approach to psychology that attempts to explain useful mental and psychological traits—such as memory, perception, or language—as adaptations, i.e., as the functional products of natural selection.

Evolutionary Psychology

Cognitive psychology is an area of psychology that focuses on studying cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to our experiences and actions. Like biological psychology, it is broad in scope and often involves interdisciplinary collaborations to study mental processes such as:  - attention - language - memory - perception - problem-solving - creativity - thought - decision-making - processing - knowledge - learning

It also includes the study of computer-based cognitive models such as connectionism (parallel distributed processing). Fields that draw from cognitive psychology include learning science and developmental psychology.

Cognitive Psychology

A branch of psychology dealing with the application of psychological principles and theories to a broad spectrum of teaching, training, and learning issues in educational settings. Educational psychology also addresses psychological problems that can arise in educational systems.

Educational Psychology

Personality psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the unique patterns of thoughts and behaviors that distinguish one individual from another. A central goal of this field is to understand and explain how an individual's personality develops over time.

Personality Psychology

Counseling psychology is a discipline that shares similarities with clinical psychology but primarily focuses on improving emotional, social, vocational, and health-related outcomes for individuals who are considered psychologically healthy.

Counseling Psychology

The study of the physiological basis for cognition.

Cognitive Neuroscience

Industrial-Organizational (I-O) psychology is a specialized subfield of psychology that applies psychological theories, principles, and research findings to industrial and organizational settings. Professionals in this field address issues related to personnel management, organizational structure, and the workplace environment. Businesses often utilize I-O psychologists to improve hiring decisions and to design work environments that foster high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. In addition to its practical applications, I-O psychology also involves conducting scientific research on human behavior within these work-related contexts.

Industrial-organizational Psychology

Positive psychology is a field of research that was formally established in 1998 when Martin Seligman, then president of the American Psychological Association, called for a new focus on building human strength and psychological well-being. Often described as the 'science of happiness,' this area of study seeks to identify and promote the qualities that contribute to a more fulfilled life. It represents a significant shift from traditional psychology's emphasis on pathology, faults, and problems, instead concentrating on people's strengths and the factors that enable individuals to lead happy and contented lives.

Positive Psychology

Feminist psychology is a perspective that emerged to address and correct the historical male-dominated nature of the field. For much of its early history, psychology was a "womanless" science, meaning very few women could practice it or influence its research agenda. Furthermore, research subjects were predominantly men, leading to a skewed understanding of human behavior. Feminist psychology seeks to counteract these biases by actively including women's perspectives, scientifically studying gender, and re-examining the field to ensure a more equitable and accurate representation of all people.

Feminist Psychology

Cultural psychology is a sub-field that examines how culture influences individuals, groups, and society. It addresses the issue of research bias, where findings from over-studied populations have been improperly generalized to other groups. This field encompasses both multicultural approaches, which focus on diverse populations within a single country, and cross-cultural approaches, which compare populations across different countries.

Cultural Psychology

Forensic psychology is a specialized branch of psychology that addresses psychological questions as they emerge within the justice system. It involves the application of psychological principles and expertise to legal matters and proceedings.

Forensic Psychology

Psychopathology is a term with a dual meaning. It refers to the scientific study of psychological disorders, which includes investigating their symptoms, etiology (causes), and potential treatments. Concurrently, the term can also describe the manifestation of a psychological disorder itself, meaning the abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that indicate its presence.

Psychopathology

The study of behavior, emotion, and cognition and how they relate to brain function

Neuropsychology

Health psychology is a subfield of psychology that focuses on how human health is affected by the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, utilizing an approach known as the biopsychosocial model. Professionals in this field aim to help individuals achieve better health through public policy, education, intervention, and research. Health psychologists often conduct research exploring the connections between a person's genetic makeup, psychological stress, behavioral patterns, relationships, and their overall health outcomes. They also investigate effective ways to motivate people to address behaviors that negatively impact their health.

Health Psychology

Occupational Health Psychology (OHP) is an interdisciplinary field that addresses the stress, diseases, and disorders affecting employees due to workplace factors. It examines how an organization influences an employee's quality of work life and the subsequent psychological and behavioral responses. These reactions can extend beyond the workplace into an employee's personal life, an effect known as work-life spillover, particularly when work-life balance is poor. The field is informed by a wide range of research from medicine, biology, psychology, organizational studies, human factors, human resources, and industrial psychology. Its primary goal is to improve the health and well-being of individual workers, which in turn enhances the overall health of the organization.

Occupational Health Psychology

Sport and exercise psychology is a field that studies the interactions between thoughts, emotions, and physical performance in sports, exercise, and other activities. It investigates the psychological dimensions of athletic performance, covering topics like motivation and performance anxiety, and also examines the impact of sports participation on mental and emotional well-being. The principles of this discipline extend beyond athletics to include demanding contexts such as firefighting, military operations, artistic performance, and surgery.

Sport and Exercise Psychology

Biopsychology, also known as biological psychology, is a subfield of psychology that examines the influence of biological processes on behavior. It typically focuses on the immediate causes of behavior rooted in the physiology of an organism, with a primary emphasis on the nervous system's structure and function. This field is highly interdisciplinary, drawing on expertise from researchers with backgrounds in biology, medicine, physiology, and chemistry, and is considered a key component within the broader field of neuroscience.

Biopsychology (Biological Psychology)

Sensation and perception is an interdisciplinary field of psychology focused on how we receive and interpret sensory information to shape our conscious experience. It encompasses both the physiological aspects of how sensory systems work and the psychological experience of that information. Researchers in this domain study a wide array of sensory inputs—such as sights, sounds, smells, touch, temperature, and balance—and explore key topics like the distinction between sensation (detecting stimuli) and perception (interpreting data), the physical properties of stimuli, and the structure and function of sensory systems.

Sensation and Perception in Psychology

A field of psychology that is concerned with the acquisition and retention of information.

Learning and Memory in Psychology

- Health Psychology
- Buddhist Psychology

Interdisciplinary Areas in Psychology

Evolutionary psychology is a field that investigates the ultimate biological causes of behavior by focusing on how universal patterns of cognition and behavior have evolved over time. It operates on the principle that these genetically influenced patterns are adaptations to an organism's physical and social environment, shaped by their contribution to survival and reproductive success.

Emotion and Motivation Psychology is a field dedicated to understanding the interplay between our feelings and our actions. It examines various theories that explain why we engage in certain behaviors, exploring the drivers behind them. This includes investigating how fundamental physiological needs and our social experiences shape our motivations and subsequent actions.

Emotion and Motivation Psychology

Developmental psychology is the scientific field dedicated to studying development throughout an individual's entire life. While it includes the study of physical maturation, its scope is much broader than just the physical changes associated with aging. Developmental psychologists also investigate changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, social behavior, and various other psychological attributes over the lifespan.

Developmental Psychology (Lifespan Development)

Which of the following psychological disciplines primarily focuses on the study of how people learn and the best practices for teaching?

Which psychological discipline is primarily concerned with the study of mental processes such as perception, memory, and problem-solving?

Which psychological discipline focuses on the study of how psychological factors influence physical health and illness?

Which psychological discipline is primarily concerned with the study of how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the presence of others?

Within the broader field of psychology, several subfields are classified as applied areas. These disciplines focus on using psychological principles and research to address practical, real-world problems. Key applied areas include industrial-organizational psychology, health psychology, sport and exercise psychology, forensic psychology, and clinical psychology.

Applied Areas of Psychology

Social psychology is the scientific study of how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. A key focus is on how people conceptualize and interpret situations, and how these interpretations, along with other situational variables, interact to influence behavior within a social context. The field examines how people affect one another, emphasizing the power of the situation in shaping human actions, and explores all facets of personality and social interaction, particularly the influence of interpersonal and group relationships.

Social psychology

The clinical practice of psychology involves the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and related behavioral problems. This broad applied discipline encompasses professionals like clinical and counseling psychologists who help individuals and communities function better. A rigorous scientific approach is essential in clinical practice, as clinicians must rely on empirical research to accurately understand psychological problems and make evidence-based treatment decisions.

Clinical Practice of Psychology

Psychology is a diverse field composed of numerous major subdivisions, each offering a unique perspective on the study of mind and behavior. These disciplines represent the primary areas of research and practice, and include fields such as cognitive, developmental, personality, and biological psychology, as well as applied areas like clinical, health, and forensic psychology.

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Smith College

Villanova University

Haverford College in Pennsylvania

Ohio State University, Columbus

Washington State University at Tri-Cities

Google

Alma College

University of California, Davis

California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Trinity College (CT)

Arizona State University

San Jose State University

University of Chicago

New Mexico Highlands University

Psychology is formally defined as the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. It focuses on understanding how individuals act, think, and feel, along with the underlying cognitive and physiological mechanisms. As a scientific discipline, it seeks to answer fundamental questions about a wide range of human phenomena by relying on empirical evidence rather than common sense.

Psychology

Goldstein, E. B. (2014). Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research and everyday experience. Nelson Education.


Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research and everyday experience

Lilienfeld, S. O., Lynn, S. J., Ruscio, J., & Beyerstein, B. L. (2009). 50 great myths of popular psychology : Shattering widespread misconceptions about human behavior.

50 Great Myths of Popular Psychology

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

Psychological Disciplines

Psychological research focuses on understanding behavior, as well as the cognitive (mind) and physiological (body) processes that underlie behavior. Psychologists use scientific methods to acquire knowledge.

Psychological Research

Psychology's emergence as a science is a recent development, with its experimental foundations laid in the 19th century, making it much younger than disciplines like human physiology. Before this period, inquiries into the mind were conducted within the realm of philosophy. The establishment of psychology as a scientific and academic field, separate from philosophy, is largely attributed to the work of 19th-century scholars Wilhelm Wundt and William James.

History of Psychology

People can pursue the following careers with a degree in psychology:

- University faculty
- Management
- Research
- Advertising
- Social Work
- Human resources
- Business
- Marketing
- Healthcare
- Finance
- Publishing
- Communications

Careers in Psychology

Psychology References

1. Annual Review of Psychology
2. Psychological Bulletin
3. Psychological Science in the Public Interest
4. Perspectives on Psychological Science
5. Psychological Methods
6. Psychological Review
7. Current Directions in Psychological Science
8. Psychological Science
9. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
10. Emotion
11. CNS Drugs
12. Psychiatry Research

References for  General Psychology by Journal

Which of the following best describes the field of psychology?

Which of the following phenomena are studied in psychology?

Which of the following is a primary focus of psychology?

Which of the following methods are commonly used in psychological research?

An education in psychology is valuable as it equips students with a diverse set of skills and a deeper understanding of human nature. Students develop critical thinking, learn the scientific method, and improve communication, which together enhance their scientific literacy for evaluating information. Furthermore, they gain insight into the complex interplay of biology, environment, and experience that shapes behavior, learn the fundamental principles of thought and action, and develop an appreciation for the vast diversity among individuals and cultures.

Merits of an Education in Psychology

Psychology is a multifaceted discipline that incorporates elements of both natural and social sciences. Its connection to natural sciences, such as biology, is evident in the study of the biological underpinnings of behavior. Concurrently, it is a social science because it examines how behavior is shaped by social interactions and environments.

Psychology as a Natural and Social Science

The field of psychology explores fundamental questions about human experiences, the functioning of the human brain, and the connection between the brain's internal processes and an individual's external behaviors.

Fundamental Inquiries in Psychology

Psychology is classified as a science because it adopts the same general empirical approach to understanding the natural world as other scientific disciplines. Although psychology specifically focuses on human behavior and mental processes, it illustrates its scientific nature by relying on systematic observation and empirical evidence to answer questions, rather than relying on unverified claims or common sense.

Psychology as a Science

Number sense is defined as an innate awareness of quantities, allowing humans and animals to intuitively recognize how many objects or events of a particular type they have experienced without the need to actually count them.

Number Sense

Folk psychology encompasses the intuitive beliefs and commonsense notions people naturally develop about human behavior, thoughts, and feelings. Although some of these everyday assumptions are reasonably accurate, scientific research demonstrates that many intuitive beliefs are incorrect, highlighting the necessity of a formal scientific approach to psychology.

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