1. International Journal of Infectious Diseases
2. The Lanclet: Infectious Diseases
3. Oxford Academic: Journal of Travel Medicine
4. American Journal of Epidemiology 
5. Emerging Infectious Diseases (CDC)
6. Epidemiology of Health
7. medRXiv: The Preprint Server for Health Sciences
8. Journal of Critical Medicine 
9. The New England Journal of Medicine

COVID-19 Reproductive Number References

Average number of secondary cases generated by one primary case with symptom onset at day t.

 Instantaneous Reproduction Number (Rt) of COVID-19

- Asia
- Africa 
- North America
- South America
- Antarctica
- Europe
- Australia

Classification of studies on COVID-19 Reproductive Number by Continents

The reproductive/reproduction number of COVID-19 is estimated to be between 2 and 2.5 as of March 6, 2020. 

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

The epidemiologic metric used to describe the transmissibility of an infectious agent by indicating the number of secondary cases one case is expected to produce at a most basic level.
An infectious disease outbreak is expected to continue if R0 is greater than 1 and discontinue if R0 is lesser than 1. 

Reproduction Number (R0)

- Topic (Reproductive Number)
- Geographical Location (China)
- Date (January 22nd)

Similarities between Reproductive Number of COVID-19 Infected Pneumonia in China (January 22 2020) and Reproductive Number of COVID-19 in China (January 22 2020)

COVID-19 is spread through person-to-person transmission. The virus spreads mainly through close personal contact (such as when people are within 6 feet of one another) and through the respiratory droplets of someone infected with COVID-19.  Aerosol transmission is also likely, but the relative contribution of these smaller respiratory particles is not completely understood. While less common, spreading can also occur when people touch contaminated objects or surfaces and then their faces, eyes, or mouth. 

Transmission of COVID-19

World Health Organization

Reproductive Number of COVID-19

- This model is a point process model that models the rate of infection over a period of time and allows for parametric and nonparametric estimates of the reproduction number.
- During this time, the reproduction number begins to change over time due to alterations in the public’s behavior
- Used to estimate extinction in the early stages of the pandemic.
- The data used in this model involved uses mortality numbers.
- They also used available data from California, New York and Indiana, to estimate the reproduction number and identify where they are in the timeline of the pandemic.
- These have been used for other diseases like Ebola and even other social interactions such as gang violence and emails, but it is still underutilized in the epidemiology field. 

Self-Exciting Branching Process Model for the COVID-19 Pandemic

Epidemiological studies on COVID-19 in Asia By Country

- American Association for the Advancement of Science

- American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)

- Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine (APJTM)

- BioMed Research International

- BioRxiv (Preprint)

- Emerging Infectious Diseases

- Environmental Research 

- Forensic Science International: Reports

- Infectious Disease Modeling 

- Infectious Diseases Society of America (Clinical Infectious Disease)

- Jama Network Open

- Journal of Travel Medicine

- Nature Communications

- Risk Analysis

- Science of the Total Environment

- Social Science Research Network (SSRN)

- The International Journal of Infectious Diseases  

- The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA)

- The Lancet

- The Lancet Infectious Diseases 

- The New England Journal of Medicine

- Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases

- Veterinary Quarterly

- Virology Journal 

- World Journal of Clinical Cases




Transmission of COVID-19 References by journal

Cluster transmission has been noted in many COVID-19 studies
It is characterized by infections that are concentrated within a given area, often within families or social circles 

Cluster Transmission of COVID-19

Classification of studies on COVID-19 Transmission by Continents

Indirect Transmission of COVID-19

Previous reports indicate that asymptomatic transmission is possible, but since they’re hard to track, this poses a significant challenge to infection control practices.

Implications of Asymptomatic COVID-19 Transmission

- Super spreading events

- Climate

- Season

- Location

- UV & sunlight on the virus

- Virus concentrations in wastewater 

Factors that affect the transmission of COVID-19

Live animal food markets carry a great risk of transmitting zoonotic diseases compounded by the lack of safe and regulated hygienic practices. The Huanan South Seafood Market in Wuhan, China which sells wild exotic and domesticated live animals for consumption, was identified to be the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic. Bats are implicated to be the reservoir hosts of the virus, as SARS-CoV-2 is 96% genetically identical to bat coronavirus. Pangolins are also a possible host, as the RBD in the S protein show similarity to Pangolin-CoV. 

Any infections in animals with COVID-19 should be reported to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). The CDC reports that a number of pets worldwide are confirmed positive for COVID-19, though the risk of animal-human transmission in these cases are yet unclear.

Zoonotic Transmission of COVID-19

In a comprehensive case study, Vivanti et al. report the first transplacental transmission of SARS-CoV-2 with clinical manifestation in the newborn, consistent with neurological signs and symptoms of the virus. 

Transplacental Transmission of COVID-19

Determining this has critical implications: 

If primarily spread via droplets, then masks, distancing rule (6ft), etc. are effective in preventing transmission. Conversely, if primarily spread via aerosols, then preventative measures become less effective and thus need to be modified. 

Examining the source of transmission for both types of respiratory particles are crucial.



Aerosol versus Droplet Debate

Transmission of COVID-19 references by organization

Current data shows that infection rates of SARS-CoV-2 are low among children. It then can be said that they do not play a prominent role in the disease transmission of COVID-19 during the pandemic. Although the actual infection rate cannot be known due to under-reporting and a lack of available results from seroepidemiological studies, there are numerous findings against an increased risk of infection from children and findings that show a lower rate of infection and of contagion especially in children under the age of 10. It was also found that the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is typically from an infected adult to a child and that a lack of evidence remains for the transmission of infection from an infected child to an adult. The cause of this lower virus transmission rate is still unknown, which calls for further investigations. 

Role of Children In Transmission

- Genomic Evidence of In-Flight Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Despite Predeparture Testing
-  In-flight transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a review of the attack rates and available data on the efficacy of face masks

Air travel and COVID-19 transmission 

SARS-CoV-2 is a branch of the SARS-Cov family. It is spherical and enveloped with club-shaped spikes on the surface. Thus, it has the shape of a solar corona. Inside the nucleoplasm, the virus has single-strand RNA, which stores the genetic information of this virus. Due to the property of protein and RNA, the SARS-CoV-2 should be sensitive to temperature.

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