Experimenter Expectancy Effect
The experimenter expectancy effect occurs when a researcher's own expectations or beliefs about a study's outcome inadvertently bias the participants' behaviors in unintended ways. These subtle influences during the administration of a measure can systematically alter participant responses and compromise the study's validity.
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Research Methods in Psychology - 4th American Edition @ KPU
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Participant Variable
Situational Variable
Task Variable
Experimental Control
Experimenter's Sex as an Extraneous Variable
Standardizing the Procedure
Experimenter Expectancy Effect
Example of Extraneous Variables: Expressive Writing Experiment
Confounding Variable
Internal Validity
In the context of an experiment, what is an extraneous variable?
In a study examining whether caffeine improves focus, the amount of sleep a participant had the night before would be considered an extraneous variable if it varies between participants and could potentially influence the results.
In psychological research, factors other than the primary ones being studied can often influence the results. Match each research study with the specific factor that would act as an extraneous variable in that scenario.
A researcher conducts a study to see if 'Bright Lighting' (the factor being tested) improves 'Reading Speed' (the performance being measured). However, the group in the bright light reads an interesting novel, while the group in the dim light reads a technical manual. Arrange the following statements to represent the logical sequence of how this extraneous variable (Topic Interest) creates ambiguity in the study's results.
When a researcher evaluates the validity of a claim that one factor caused a change in another, they must determine if any additional factors fluctuated during the study. A factor that varies in the context of the study other than the ones being specifically investigated is known as a(n) ____ variable; its presence requires the researcher to judge the study's conclusions as inconclusive because the true cause of the results cannot be isolated.
Experimenter Expectancy Effect
Participant Reactivity
Evaluating the Measure
When deciding whether it is appropriate to administer a psychological measure to groups of participants simultaneously, researchers should rely on ____ as a benchmark to guide that decision.
To effectively implement a psychological measure, a researcher must balance various factors. Match each implementation component to its primary function or characteristic.
Dr. Kim is planning to use a standardized cognitive test for a study on memory. To save time, Dr. Kim considers testing 50 participants simultaneously in a lecture hall. However, Dr. Kim is concerned that the group setting might introduce distractions that degrade the data. According to the principles of implementing psychological measures, what is the most appropriate next step for Dr. Kim?
A researcher is planning the implementation of a psychological measure and needs to balance collection efficiency with data integrity. Arrange the following steps in the correct logical sequence to achieve this goal.
Standardizing the Procedure
Experimenter Expectancy Effect
Socially Desirable Responding
Demand Characteristics
Hawthorne Effect
Clear and Brief Procedures
Anonymity in Testing
How does participant reactivity most frequently manifest in psychological research?
Participant reactivity is a phenomenon that exclusively involves participants intentionally trying to disrupt or sabotage the research data.
A psychologist is designing a study on social behavior and wants to account for the impact of measurement on the subjects. Arrange the following research scenarios in order from the highest likely participant reactivity (1) to the lowest likely participant reactivity (3).
A researcher is evaluating different ways that measurement can influence human behavior. Match each research scenario with the specific manifestation of participant reactivity it demonstrates.
An external reviewer critiques a study on social interactions and concludes that the data is 'contaminated' because the participants' awareness of the recording devices led them to behave more politely than they would in a natural setting. By making this judgment, the reviewer is identifying ____ as the primary threat that has compromised the study's validity.
Learn After
Blinding in Experiments
Rosenthal and Fode's Rat Maze Experiment
Blind Administration
Standardizing Interactions
Which of the following best describes the experimenter expectancy effect?
The experimenter expectancy effect can only occur when a researcher intentionally changes the study procedures to favor a desired outcome.
A researcher is testing whether listening to upbeat music increases social extroversion. Sequence the following events to illustrate how the experimenter expectancy effect could manifest in this scenario.
A researcher is conducting a study to determine if a new herbal supplement improves memory performance. Match each of the researcher's specific expectations with the subtle, unintended behavior that would most likely demonstrate the experimenter expectancy effect in this scenario.
In a formal peer review, a psychologist evaluates a study on 'memory and mood' and finds that the experimenter's knowledge of the hypothesis led to unintentional, encouraging nods toward participants in the 'happy mood' condition. The reviewer judges the study's data to be flawed because the methodology failed to account for the ____.