1. [MODULE 1: From Bench to Bedside, Section: 'GRAPHIC SUMMARY' (as of March 19, 2020)](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1gjUuqTLi7xqMVzgWeYAFulmaIiKzhYY89PVOJJVvlNo/edit#heading=h.gtn0tdsnrc43)
2. [MEDICAL STUDENT COVID-19 CURRICULUM](https://docs.google.com/document/d/13JfRRw1GEIKz4JCde8WcQBCHnu-7nn11P_z0dHov1eA/preview)


COVID-19 Graphical Summary

An unprecedented amount of knowledge has been generated in the past two months in the form of journal papers, blog posts, and other forms.
Journal reviewers have significantly expedited the review process, e.g., the New England Journal of Medicine posted a COVID-19 paper within 48 hours of submission. Many researchers disseminate their papers in the form of preprints or posts on the new Wu-han Clan Slack channel before journal publication.

Multidisciplinary Collaborative COVID-19 Research

Biomedical engineering tools, problems and solutions related to COVID-19

Biomedical engineering for COVID-19

The virology of COVID-19: How viruses infect host cells in the body

Virology of COVID-19

The use and testing of drugs and medicine to treat COVID-19

Pharmacology in COVID-19

Health authorities in China contacted the World Health Organization (WHO) that there was a cluster of viral pneumonia cases of unknown cause in Wuhan, Hubei. By January 30th, the WHO declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). At the time there were 7,818 cases confirmed globally, affecting 19 countries in five WHO regions.

Epidemiology of COVID-19

- Time-consuming to self-judge many rapidly released papers
- Difficult to efficiently inform the research community about inappropriate results/findings
- Repetition and contradiction
- Cognitive overload and determining the novelty of a new study
- Published papers are static and don't get updated dynamically
- Difficult for multidisciplinary research collaboration 
- The increased role of preprint servers in COVID-19 research
- Marketing and subscription fees of journals
- Personal ambitions and carrier incentives
- Even the papers published journals are not completely flawless when the time is the essence.
- Difficulty informing the public


Current Barriers Related to COVID-19 Collaborative Research

How human functions and mechanisms play a role in transmitting and fighting against COVID-19

Human physiology of COVID-19

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2). The outbreak was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The World Health Organization declared the pandemic on March 11th

COVID-19 pandemic

- Focuses of Effects of Human Nutrition in Fighting COVID-19
- References for Effects of Human Nutrition in Fighting COVID-19 by Journal/Source

Effects of Human Nutrition in Fighting COVID-19

"Long Covid", or "Long-Haul Covid", is a term that describes the experience of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients with long-term and persistent symptomology.

Long Covid

COVID-19 refers to the newly discovered infectious disease caused by a new strain of coronavirus. This new virus and disease were first discovered during the outbreak in Wuhan, China, that reportedly began in December 2019. Before this discovery of the new virus, the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission announced that patients were sick with 'viral pneumonia' from an unknown cause.

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Indiana University

Coronaviruses that infect animals, such as bats, can evolve into viruses that infect humans, and these types of coronaviruses are often highly pathogenic in humans. They often result in pneumonia and fatal outcomes. Examples of evolved coronaviruses include: SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, all of which are beta coronaviruses.

Evolved Coronaviruses

1. HCoV-HKU1
2. HCoV-OC43 
3. HCoV-NL63
4. HCoV-229E
5. MERS-CoV 
6. SARS-CoV
7. SARS-CoV-2

Beta coronaviruses

World Health Organization

MERS-CoV is Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, which is a contagious virus characterized by severe respiratory symptoms and disease. 

MERS-CoV

SARS-CoV, or SARS-associated coronavirus, is a virus that causes Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), which first appeared in 2003 and spread around the world. SARS-CoV is considered a select agent, meaning it has the potential to severely threathen public health.

SARS-CoV

SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

test

HCoV-OC43 was transmitted to humans about 1890.
HCoVs OC43 were isolated from nasal cavities of people with the common cold in the 1960s. In the 1970s, studies that used serology and viral culture linked OC43 with 8% of cases of lower respiratory tract infection(LRTI) in hospitalized infants.

HCoV-OC43

HCoV-HKU1

Several cellular proteins have been reported to be involved in the early steps of beta coronavirus infections in humans.  ACE2, a membrane bound protein that is involved in the cellular entry of many beta coronaviruses, is often supported by the function of other proteins.  Some facilitate the shedding of ACE2 from the cell surface, and others cleave viral S proteins to enhance the fusion of the two membranes.  They include:

- ACE2
- ADAM10
- ADAM17
- TMPRSS2
- TMPRSS11A
- TMPRSS11D
- furin
- CTSL
- PI4KB

Learn Before

Related

Learn After