A pathway universal to all living organisms that produces pyruvate as well as energy, reduced electron carriers, and precursor molecules from glucose, which are essential to cellular metabolism. This process occurs in the cytoplasm of cells, does not require oxygen, and is an important source of ATP for organisms that do not undergo respiration.

Glycolysis

A metabolic pathway "loop" in which acetyl CoA from the transition reaction is added to a 4-carbon intermediate (oxaloacetate) to produce 6-carbon citric acid, during which important electron carriers are reduced. In addition to being an important component of glucose metabolism, several intermediates of the cycle form important molecules, making the process both catabolic and anabolic. Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix for eukaryotes and in the cytoplasm for prokaryotes

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Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle

The conversion of glycolysis-produced 3-carbon pyruvate into 2-carbon acetyl CoA through decarboxylation and attachment of coenzyme A to an acetyl group,  for use in the citric acid cycle. Also known as the bridge reaction. Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix for eukaryotes and in the cytoplasm for prokaryotes

Transition Reaction (Pyruvate Oxidation)

A method for producing ATP in which an inorganic phosphate group is added to ADP using the energy from an electrochemical gradient. The process in cellular respiration in which most ATP are generated

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Cellular respiration is composed of four main steps:

- Glycolysis
- Transition Reaction (Pyruvate Oxidation)
- Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle
- Oxidative Phosphorylation

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A catabolic pathway requiring oxygen and involving the catabolism of glucose to ultimately release energy necessary for cellular functions. In the final step of the electron transport chain, the final electron acceptor is an oxygen molecule, which gets reduced into water, by cytochrome oxidase. 

Aerobic/Cellular Respiration

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The final electron carrier in the ETS. Can be used to differentiate between bacterial types during disease diagnoses

Cytochrome Oxidase

- Cell lacking genes encoding cytochrome oxidase
- Cell lacking genes encoding enzymes that protect against harmful oxygen radicals
- Not enough oxygen

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