A teacher observes that a bright and verbally articulate student consistently struggles during reading and writing activities. The student's written work often contains letter reversals (e.g., writing 'b' for 'd'), and when reading aloud, they frequently skip small words or misread them. Despite understanding the story's concepts when discussed, their spelling of even simple words is highly inconsistent. Based on this set of observations, which is the most likely explanation for the student's difficulties?

A third-grade teacher observes that a student is bright and articulate in class discussions but struggles significantly during reading activities. The student frequently reads 'was' as 'saw', often skips small words like 'a' or 'the', and has persistent difficulty with spelling, even for simple words. Which of the following provides the most likely explanation for this pattern of challenges?

Example of Letter Confusion in Dyslexia (Figure 7.17)