Based on Freud, paranoia is reflected in outward projection of internal conflict. These feelings range from shame to intolerance to indifference. Theory also incorporates the role of trauma.

Psychodynamic Theory in PPD

Dysfunctional beliefs of the self, cognitive style, and social cognition. Individual hold dysfunctional beliefs of themselves while believing others to be deceptive. This leads to fears of vulnerability, extreme guardedness, and discomfort with emotional closeness. 

Cognition deficiencies in PPD

Social learning and relationships play a role in the development of PPD. Lower social rank is correlated with paranoia. That can be because of how the individual perceives social interactions due to their dysphoric self-consciousness.

Social Cognition in PPD

PPD was found to have faster latency of the N100ERP to auditory stimuli, hyper vigilance.  

Neurobiology of PPD

PPD was found to have faster latency to N100ERP to auditory stimuli, hyper vigilance. In animal studies, social stress is linked increased dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex. Suggesting that paranoia is driven by dopamine evaluations. 

Neurobiology in PPD

-Psychodynamic
-Cognitive
-Social Cognition
-Neurobiology

Michigan State University

A personality disorder characterized by:
- Pervasive, unwarranted suspiciousness and distrust (ex. expectation of trickery or harm, over-concern with hidden motives and meanings)
- Hypersensitivity (ex. being easily slighted or offended, readiness to counterattack)
- Restricted affectivity (ex. emotional coldness, no true sense of humor)
-  Offended easily
- Excludes psychotic symptoms, including paranoid delusions and hallucinations

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Lee, R. J. (2017). Mistrustful and misunderstood: A review of Paranoid personality disorder. Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports, 4(2), 151–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40473-017-0116-7 

Mistrustful and Misunderstood: A review of Paranoid Personality Disorder 

Childhood trauma is consistently linked with Paranoid Personality disorder. Childhood emotional neglect, physical neglect, and supervision neglect predicted PPD symptom levels in adolescence to early adulthood.

Childhood Trauma in PPD

An estimated 75% of PPD cases have a Comorbid personality disorder. Avoidant and BPD are the most frequent. 

PPD and Comorbidity 

Treatment approaches listed for paranoid personality disorder include psychotherapy—such as cognitive-behavioral, individual, group, and family therapy—and medications such as anti-anxiety medications, antidepressants, and antipsychotics.

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