Inorganic ions (nonproteins) that contribute to an enzyme's catalytic activity by stabilizing enzyme conformation and formation. Examples include iron and magnesium.

Cofactor

Reusable organic molecules that help an enzyme to function, often by binding the active site. Examples include NADH and ATP.

Coenzyme

Helper molecules that bind to enzymes and help them function include:

- Cofactor
- Coenzyme

University of Notre Dame

A molecule that serves to promote conformational change and effective functioning of their associated enzymes

(Photo credits in References)

Enzyme Helper Molecule

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Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

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Types of Enzyme Helper Molecules

Enzymes can. be classified depending on whether they are interacting with their necessary cofactors of coenzymes. These include:

- Apoenzymes
- Holoenzymes

Enzyme Classifications Based on Helper Molecules

Enzyme Helper Molecule Diagram (Figure 8.7). Reprinted from OpenStax Microbiology (p. 300), by N. Parker, M. Shneegurt, A.-h. Thi Tu, B. M. Forester, and P. Lister, 2016, Rice University. Copyright 2016 by Rice University.

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