Carbohydrates are macromolecules that are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio C:2H:0.  

Carbohydrates

Lipids are macromolecules that are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.  Lipids are typically hydrophobic, nonpolar, and composed of hydrocarbon chains.  

Lipids

Proteins are macromolecules that are composed of subunits called amino acids When the number of amino acids linked together becomes very large, or when multiple polypeptides are used as building subunits,

Proteins

Nucleic acids are macromolecules that are composed of subunits called nucleotides.  They are responsible for the transfer of genetic information from an organism's genome and turning it into proteins.  Nucleic acids exist in two forms:

- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
- ribonucleicacid (RNA)

Nucleic acids are built using nitrogen, and thus need a nitrogen source to undergo nitrogen fixation

Nucleic Acids

There are many types of macromolecules such as: 

- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids

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University of Southern Mississippi

The study of the chemistry involved in life processes to explain form and function based on chemical principles.

Biochemistry

- Atom
- Molecule
- Macromolecule
- Cell
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ system
- Organism
- Population
- Community
- Ecosystem
- Biosphere / Ecosphere

Traditional Biological Organisation Scheme

Molecule 

https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology/

Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

OpenStax Microbiology Textbook

- Biochemistry
- European Journal of Cell Biology
- Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
- Journal of Bacteriology 
- Journal of Investigative Dermatology
- Journal of Regenerative Biology and Medicine
- Khan Academy
- Molecules
- Molecular Cell
- PLOS ONE
- StatPearls
- Trends in Biochemical Sciences

Biochemistry references by journal

COVALENT BONDS
- Covalent bonds - formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons to fill their valence shell
- Bonding valence electrons are attracted by both nuclei in the bond.
- Bond length depends on the nature of the atoms bonded and the number of electrons participating in the bond.
- Carbon-carbon double bonds are generally longer and have less bond energy than do carbon-carbon triple bonds.
- Atoms are held together by these
- Strength and bond length depends on:
Nature of atoms bonded
Number of e- pairs shared
- Greater number of pairs, greater bond energy, lower bond length

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
- Non-covalent interactions
- Electrostatic interactions
- Ionic interactions
- Non-ionic interactions (electrically neutral)
- Fixed dipole-dipole
- Hydrogen bonds, electronegative
- Fixed dipole-induced dipole
- Induced dipole- induced dipole (london dispersion forces, van der Waals Forces)


Covalent Bonds and Intermolecular Forces

Fundamentals of Biochemistry, 4th Edition

Biochemistry references by text book

Types of Macromolecules

Is an organic molecule that  is found within living organisms they are the building blocks of life and contain chemicals that are composed of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

Biomolecule

The smallest piece of a chemical element or ordinary matter

Atom

Cell

Tissue

A group of tissues with a similar function

Organ

A group of organs that work together to execute one or more functions.

Organ system

Any living thing that functions as a singular entity

Organism 

A group of organisms that are (1) the same species (2) in a shared geographical area, and (3) able to interbreed

Population (Biology)

Groups of populations of different species that interact with each other.

Community (Biology)

An ecosystem describes the interactions between groups of organisms from all biological domains and nonliving things in a shared geographical space.

Ecosystem

All life on Earth (the sum of all ecosystems on earth)

Biosphere / Ecosphere

The molecular structures and processes of cellular life and their roles in the function, reproduction, and development of living organisms.

- The Central Dogma of Life
- Cell Organelles

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