One of two methods of Acid-Fast staining. The Ziehl-Neelsen technique uses heat during the primary staining with carbolfuchsin, followed by a decolorizing agent, and then methylene blue counterstain.

Ziehl-Neelsen Technique

One of two methods of Acid-Fast staining. The Kinyoun technique does NOT use heat with the primary stain, carbolfuchsin, followed by decolorizing agent, and then methylene blue counterstain.

Kinyoun Technique 

Acid-Fast stains are used to determine whether or not a sample contains a *Mycobacterium* species, which have mycolic acid in their cell walls. Cells that contain the waxy mycolic acid will remain red like the primary stain, carbolfuchsin.

Differential staining utilizes multiple different dyes to allow us to distinguish between different types of organisms. 

Differential Stains

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Gram stain is a multi-step staining procedure that differentiates bacteria by the structure of their cell wall

Gram Stain

Acid-Fast Stains

Capsule staining often utilizes negative staining techniques like India Ink or Nigrosin to color the background, in order to visualize the encapsulated cells. Positively charged counterstains can also be used to view the cell with a clear capsule.

Capsule Stains

The Schaeffer-Fulton method is the most common method for viewing spores in a specimen. This method uses heat with the primary stain, malachite green, washed with water, and then counterstained using safranin. If endospores are present, green will remain visible in the cells. 

Endospore Stains

In flagella staining, a mordant, like tannic acid, is used to thicken the flagellum, if present, followed by pararosaniline or basic fuchsin to stain them.

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