Theory

Bank's Typology of Ethnic Identity

Banks's Typology of Ethnic Identity describes six developmental stages used to assess where an individual falls along an ethnic-identity continuum: (1) ethnic psychological captivity, (2) ethnic encapsulation, (3) ethnic identity clarification, (4) bi-ethnicity, (5) multi-ethnicity and reflective nationalism, and (6) globalism and global competency. Individuals in the earlier stages (1–2) tend to be unable to function in two dissimilar cultures, cling to the culture they identify with most, reject the culture they identify with less, and develop an oppositional attitude toward it. Individuals in the later stages (4–6) can successfully master and operate within both cultures.

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Updated 2026-07-20

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Psychology

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Empirical Science

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