The total magnification of a microscope can be calculated using the following equation:
total magnification= magnification of the lens in the eyepiece/ocular lens (usually 10x) multiplied by the magnification of the objective lens, which is rotated underneath and can have varying values. 

Calculating Magnification

Use of oil between the objective lens and slide in order to create higher resolution by lowering the difference between refractive indexes between the lens and the glass. 


Oil Immersion Lenses

- ocular lens (eye piece)   
- rotating objective lenses  
- coarse focus knob  
- fine focus knob  
- stage  
- illuminator   
- condenser  
- diaphragm  
- mechanical stage 
- x/y mechanical stage knobs  
- rheostat

Parts of a Microscope

Most commonly used microscope. Produces visuals of specimen as a dark image on a light background produced by an illuminator and focused by a condenser lens. The eye pieces can be either monocular or binocular. 

-Brightfield Microscopes  
-Darkfield Microscopes  
-Phase Contrast Microscopes  
-Differential Interference Contrast Microscopes (DIC)    
-Fluorescence Microscopes  
-Confocal Microscopes  
-Two-Photon Microscopes  
-Electron Microscopy  
-Scanning Probe Microscopy

Types of Microscopes 

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Brightfield Microscopes

Darkfield Microscopes are very similar to bright field microscopes except with the addition of an opaque light stop. It produces light images on a dark background, which is good for viewing specimens without staining. 

Darkfield Microscope

Phase Contrast microscopes create images, without staining, by using refraction and interference caused by structures in a specimen. Structures that refract light appear dark against a bright background of unrefracted light. Structures that differ in refractive indexes will vary in levels of darkness.

Phase Contrast Microscopes

Produces 2-D images by scanning the z plane with a laser, which can be processed by computers to develop complex 3-D images, making this microscope especially useful in viewing biofilms and other compact specimens. 

Confocal Microscopes

After passing through either the specimen or an empty space, the light waves are recombined, and the specimen's alter the interference patterns formed. This produces high-contrast, 3-D images of living microorganisms. 

Differential Interference Contrast Microscopes (DIC)

Use of chromophores called fluorochromes to produce an image of a specimen in bright colors against a dark background.

Fluorescence Microscopes

Uses a scanning technique, fluorochromes, and long-wavelength light (such as infrared). Used to visualize specimens like biofilms and other specimens similar to confocal microscopes, but produces higher resolution.

Two-Photon Microscopes

Both scanning tunneling microscopes (STM) and atomic force microscopes (AFM) utilize an electric probe passed over the specimen to map out an image of the surface of it. 

Scanning Probe Microscopy 

Electrons can behave like a wave to produce higher resolution images than visible light due to their small wavelengths of 0.005nm. Can only be used on non-living specimens due to the preparation prior to viewing. 

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