-  Likely to spend little or no effort on assigned tasks,
-  Avoid the workplace as much as they can,
-  Leave the organization if given the opportunity 
-  Produce poor quality work.


Michigan State University

Motivation

Singh, Kuldeep. “Motivation in the Workplace to Improve the Employee Performance Vinay Chaitanya Ganta.” Academia.edu, 10 Apr. 2017, https://www.academia.edu/32360907/MOTIVATION_IN_THE_WORKPLACE_TO_IMPROVE_THE_EMPLOYEE_PERFORMANCE_VINAY_CHAITANYA_GANTA. 

Motivation in the Workplace to Improve Employee Performance

- Research suggests that online participation including social interaction in collaborative online learning environments, is crucial in motivating students to learn and promote learning satisfaction. There needs to be a balance between group and individual participation for online learning environments to be effective. This study determined two visualization tools to motivate students to participate actively and examine its effects.

- The results show that the visualization tool on online participation can enhance their online participation however, the visualization of individual participation has a greater effect than the visualization of group participation, despite the collaborative learning community. 

Using Visualization to Motivate Student Participation in Collaborative Online Learning Environments 

"Awareness is defined as "understanding of the activities of others, which provides a context for your own activity" (Dourish & Bellotti)

- two types of awareness: group awareness and objective self-awareness.

Awareness Information

Whether or not students decide to engage in learning processes such as desirable difficulties greatly depends on how motivated they are to do so. This motivation can be influenced by a number of factors, including:
- memory of prior experiences
- task outcome expectancy/value
- achievement goal orientation
- affective state
- consequences on grades
- beliefs of competency 
- how the task is framed

Motivation and desirable difficulties: Variables effecting self-regulatory learning processes

Health behaviors (e.g., healthy eating, physical activity, practicing mindfulness) improve overall health (including physical health) and reduce the risk of chronic illnesses. However, in order for people to regularly engage in these behaviors, they need to have the motivation to do so.

Motivation | Connection to Health and Chronic Diseases

Looking at gender, age, SES, use of camera for lecturer and students, belief of neessity of distanced education, belief about effectiveness, and belief of negtive impact of pandemic on motivation, they looked at the cyclical effect of distanced learning motivation and it's impact on frequency of class attendence, mediated by anxiety, stress, depression and Intolerence of Uncertainty (IU).

- Women showed higher attendence than men
- men's motivation was higher than women's
- use of computers showed more attendence than use of smartphones
- use of computers showed higher motivation compared to use of smartphones
- urban students attended class more often
- urban students had lower levels of motivation
- depression negatively impacted attendence, though stress positively predicted attendence
- stress is not significantly associated with distance learning motivation 
- inhibitory IU was positively associated with depression, anxiety and stress, but negatively with motivation.
- IU predicts increase in relationship between anxiety and stress
- Women show higher rates of anxiety, stress, depression and IU during the pandemic
- gender is not related to student satisfaction with learning.

Psycho-demographic variables effects on higher education students during COVID-19 in Turkey

Pande, P., Thit, A., Sørensen, A. E., Mojsoska, B., Moeller, M. E., & Jepsen, P. M. (2021). Long-term effectiveness of immersive VR simulations in undergraduate science learning: Lessons from a media-comparison study. Research in Learning Technology, 29, 24. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezp1.villanova.edu/10.25304/rlt.v29.2482

Long-term effectiveness of immersive VR simulations in undergraduate science learning: Lessons from a media-comparison study

-  Positive reinforcement/ high expectations  
-  Base rewards on job performance 
-  Effective discipline and punishment  
-  Satisfy employees needs 
-  Set work related goals  
-  Restructure jobs
-  Treat people fairly  


Strategies to Improve Employee Motivation


-  Job enlargement
-  Job enrichment 
-  Job rotation

Techniques of Employee Motivation 

-  Human Capital Management 
-  Meet Personal Goals and Help an Employee Stay Motivated 
-  Greater Employee Satisfaction
-  Raising Employee Efficiency
-  A Higher Chance of Meeting the Company’s Goals
-  Better Team Harmony 
-  Workforce Stability




Benefits that Employee Motivation Brings to a Company 


-  Carry out responsibilities to the best of their ability 
-  Persistent
-  Creative
-  Productive
-  Produce high quality work that they willingly pursue. 



Characteristics of Motivated Employees

Characteristics of Unmotivated Employees


When the means of participation is to achieve some other goal (status, money, etc.). For example, if I play a sport because I think it will impress someone. Extrinsic motivation involves doing something to receive something form others.

Extrinsic Motivation

- Self-determination Theory
- Expectancy-Valence Theories
- Gamification
- Incentive Theory
- Yerkes-Dodson Law
- Drive Reduction Theory
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs
- Temporal Motivation Theory
- Remembered Success Effect
- Procrastination
- Game Based Learning
- Self-efficacy

Theories and Methods of Motivation

Human sexual behavior and motivation go hand in hand in terms of reproduction. However, sexual behavior is more complex than just reproduction and understanding sexuality, sexual response cycle, gender identity, and sexual orientation is important. 

Sexual Behavior, Sexuality, and Gender Identity

Motivational theory in psychology comprises a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as a hierarchical levels within a pyramid. Needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied before individuals can attend to needs higher up.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Influential figures in researching motivation include:

- William James

Influential Figures in Research on Motivation

Theories of motivation include:

- William James's theory on instincts
- Drive theory of motivation

Theories of Motivation

When the performance (engagement) of some activity is the end in its own right. For example, I play a sport because I enjoy doing it and may have fond memories of doing it. Intrinsic motivation relates to the personal satisfaction one feels from doing the behavior.

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