A ____ search is a strategy for finding relevant research literature by first locating a classic or foundational article on a topic and then retrieving a list of newer publications that have referenced that original work.

A citation search is a method of navigating the research literature by locating the database record for a classic, foundational article on a topic, and then linking to a list of newer works that have cited it. This technique is effective because subsequent researchers investigating the same topic are highly likely to reference the original classic article in their own publications.

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San Jose State University

- Footnote chasing
- Citation searching
- Journal run
- Area scanning
- Subject searches
- Author searching

Berrypicking Search Strategies

The research literature in any given scientific field consists of all the published research in that area. It primarily includes articles in professional journals and scholarly books, while excluding sources intended for the general public, such as self-help books, dictionary entries, and websites, which lack rigorous peer review.

Research Literature

Electronic databases are the principal tools used to search the scientific literature. These computer systems provide a searchable interface for massive collections of academic works—including professional journals and scholarly books—allowing researchers to locate relevant publications across various disciplines by entering specific search terms.

Academic Database

Bates, M. J. (1989). The design of browsing and berrypicking techniques for the online search interface. University of California, Los Angeles, from https://pages.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/bates/berrypicking.html

The Design of Browsing and Berrypicking Techniques for the Online Search Interface

https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/psychmethods4e/

KPU Research Methods in Psychology - 4th American Edition

Footnote chasing entails following the footnotes referenced in a text to move backward through the literature on a topic.

Footnote Chasing Search Strategy

Journal running entails identifying the relevant volume years for a particular journal to find relevant articles for the information need.

Journal Run Search Strategy

Area scanning entails browsing texts based on their proximity in a physical space to a relevant text.

Area Scanning Search Strategy

Subject searching entails accessing abstracting and indexing services to find materials that are classified with relevant subjects headings. A user can browse the thesaurus of subject headings or start from the headings identified for a relevant text.

Subject Search Strategy

Author searching entails using an author's name to find other relevant materials they have authored.

Author Search Strategy

Citation Search

A reference list search is a technique for finding relevant research literature by examining the bibliography of a good article or book chapter on the topic, such as a recent review article. By reviewing the sources cited by that work, researchers can easily discover other pertinent articles and books.

Reference List Search

Google Scholar is a specialized internet search engine that is particularly useful for conducting general web searches to find scientific research literature. Entering topic-related search terms or a specific researcher's name can lead directly to scholarly works, such as articles in open-access journals or publications hosted on researchers' personal websites.

Google Scholar

Consulting knowledgeable individuals, such as instructors or university faculty members, is an effective strategy for searching the research literature. These subject matter experts are familiar with previous research in their area of expertise and can suggest relevant articles, book chapters, and specific topics to help novice researchers find inspiration and locate scholarly sources.

Expert Consultation Search Strategy

When conducting a literature review, researchers should strategically select sources that fulfill four primary objectives: refining the research question, identifying suitable research methods, contextualizing the current study within previous findings, and providing guidance for writing an effective research report.

Goals of a Literature Search

Reviewing the research literature involves finding, reading, and summarizing published research relevant to a specific topic of interest. Conducting this review early in the research process is crucial because it helps researchers determine if their question has already been answered, evaluate the interestingness of the question, generate ideas for study design, and understand how their own work will fit into the existing scientific dialogue.

Reviewing the Research Literature

Sources such as self-help books, pop psychology publications, dictionary and encyclopedia entries, and general websites are excluded from the scientific research literature. These materials are intended mainly for the general public and are considered unreliable for academic purposes because they do not undergo peer review and are frequently based on personal experience or common sense rather than rigorous empirical data.

Non-Scholarly Sources

Another strategy for locating research literature is to consult with knowledgeable individuals, such as instructors or psychology faculty members. These experts can draw upon their familiarity with the field to suggest relevant articles, book chapters, and foundational works related to a specific research topic.

Consulting Faculty for Research Literature

Professional journals are periodicals that publish original research articles, typically issued on a monthly or quarterly basis in volumes. As a primary component of the research literature, they undergo a rigorous peer review process to ensure quality and primarily feature empirical research reports and review articles.

Professional Journals

Scholarly books are a core component of the research literature, written by researchers and practitioners primarily for use by their peers. Similar to professional journals, these books typically undergo a rigorous peer review process to ensure their quality and contribute significantly to scientific discourse.

Scholarly Books

Conducting a comprehensive review of existing research literature is a crucial early step in the scientific process. This review serves several key purposes: it helps researchers refine their specific research questions, identifies the most appropriate methodologies for their study, places the new investigation within the broader context of previous findings, and provides the necessary background to write a compelling research report.

Purpose of the Literature Review

PsycINFO is a comprehensive electronic database created by the American Psychological Association (APA). Because it indexes thousands of professional journals and scholarly books dating back over a century, its scope is essentially equivalent to the entire body of research literature in psychology, making it the most critical database for psychological research.

PsycINFO

Which of the following sources is typically included as part of the research literature in psychology?

Within an academic database, each publication—such as a journal article or scholarly book—is represented by an individual record. These records typically contain essential publication details, a summary or abstract of the content, lists of descriptive keywords and standardized index terms, and a bibliography of other works cited by the publication.

Academic Database Record

PsycARTICLES is a specialized electronic database that provides full-text access to articles published in the professional journals of the American Psychological Association (APA). It serves as a direct source for obtaining complete copies of these works, which may be linked directly from records in broader index databases like PsycINFO.

PsycARTICLES

Different academic disciplines often rely on specific electronic databases for literature searches. For example, Academic Search Premier, JSTOR, and ProQuest cover all academic fields, whereas ERIC is specifically designed for education research, and PubMed focuses on medicine and related disciplines.

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