RQ1: effectiveness of writing on reading comprehension

• Did not find evidence that one type of writing exercise was more effective than the others in terms of reading comprehension outcomes among summaries, questions, note-taking, and extended writing
• Meta-analyses of the comparisons could be underpowered because at most 7 studies were considered for each comparison group

RQ2: effectiveness based on outcome measures

• Statistically significant effect sizes for free recall for summary vs. question comparison
• No statistically significant effect sizes for free recall in questions vs. notes or questions vs. essay writing
• Free recall relies on studies recalling main ideas, which is most closely aligned with summaries more so than notes or questions on specific details