Commonly used tools for diagnosing mental disorders 

Assessment/Diagnosis 

Overview of some of the principal methods, strategies, and issues in clinical research.

Research Methodology in Clinical Psychology

Also called psychological disorders, these are disorders rooted in mental thought patterns that impair the person's functioning, with specific disorders having their own disgnostic criteria. 

Mental Disorders/Mental Illnesses

Theories in clinical psychology have evolved over time and develop in order to try to explain human behavior and to find ways to help and understand people.

Theories in Clinical Psychology

Child psychopathy is difficult to define concretely; however, research shows there are two factors important in recognizing psychopathic tendencies in children:
- conduct problems (CP) and impulsivity
- callous-unemotional factor (CU)

Factors of Child Psychopathy

References for clinical psychology can be found in the child nodes below.

References for Clinical Psychology

- Psychotherapy
- Pharmacological 
- Hospitalization/Inpatient treatment
- Support groups
- Alternative treatment
- Telepractice
- Neuromodulation
- Biomedical therapy

Mental Health Treatment Methods/Interventions

References for the Connections Between Disabilities and Depression/Anxiety (General Overview)

Connections Between Disabilities and Depression/Anxiety

References for disability studies can be found in the child nodes below. 

References for Disability Studies

- Disability History
- Theories/Definitions of Disability
- Disability Legislation/Policy
- Disability Culture
- Accessibility
- Types of Disability 
- Economic Impacts of Disability
- Inclusive Education and Community Support 
- Black Disability Studies

Topics in Disability Studies

Disability studies is based around the premise that if the built environment was made more accessible and that accessibility was enforced through a legal system, that indequities that create disability would lessen to the possible point of disability disappearing as a form of embodiment. Disability Studies is focused around the social model.

Whereas, Critical Disability Studies is more centered around examining a political-relational model of disability that understands disability as a contestable and transformable category that has been created by larger political and historical forces - a political/relational model of disability, and more pointedly understanding how the category of disability both plays out in individual's lives while also critiquing and examining the system that created the model of disability.

Difference between Critical Disability Studies and Disability Studies

DS emerged as an interdisciplinary field rejecting deficit-driven ideologies and advocating for full societal inclusion of disabled people. Rooted in poststructuralism and postmodernism, it emphasizes activism and social/political transformation rather than medical intervention. The field privileges voices of disabled people and examines disability as socio-political-cultural phenomenon. DS challenges traditional academic approaches that pathologize difference.

Framework for Disability Studies

Disability Studies is an interdisciplinary field of study that examines the consequences and implications of disability as well as various issues that impact the disability community.

Pepperdine University

Ohio State University, Columbus

- Art
- Religion
- Philosophy
- Literature
- History
- Archaeology
- Anthropology
- Languages
- Classics
- Gender Studies
- Disability Studies
- Digital Humanities

Humanities Disciplines 

- anthropology 
- behavioral sciences
- economics
- human geography
- linguistics
- sociology
- media studies
- musicology
- political science
- psychology
- gender studies

Disciplines in Social science

A disability is any impairment through which a person is hindered from full participation in society on an equal basis with those without the same impairment. 

Disability

Wikipedia

History is the study and interpretation of a series of facts about the past and why certain events happened. 

History

Religions are collections of beliefs, practices, and meaningful places/items/people that provide an understanding of the supernatural, spirituality, and transcendence. 

Religion

The study of human behavior, societies, and cultures throughout history (including the present). Anthropology, in broad terms, studies methods to describe and explain the similarities and differences in biology and culture of all humanity in all times and places. 

Anthropology

An investigation into fundamental and often general questions concerning humanity, knowledge, reality, and existence.

Philosophy

Gender studies is an interdisciplinary field that explores how all gender identities are developed and how they affect people’s experiences in society.

Gender Studies

Literature most broadly is all written work in addition to “oral literature”. 

Literature

Disability Studies

Digital Humanities is an area that interacts with computing or digital technologies and the disciplines of the humanities.

Digital Humanities

Language is a formal system of communication that is structured by a set of rules, known as grammar, and utilizes a vocabulary of words, referred to as a lexicon.

Language

Study and analysis of multi-level government operations, along with their societal impacts.

Political Science

The study of language. Topics include language form, meaning, context and social, cultural and historical influences.

Linguistics

The study of societal behavior, structures, development, functions, and issues. 

Sociology

A system composed of many distributed elements whose aggregate properties cannot be predicted by observing the behavior of an element. Furthermore, the observable manifestations or 'forms' of a complex system may only represent superficial aspects, with its true 'essence' or fundamental nature remaining hidden or less apparent beneath the surface.

Complex Systems

Environmental Studies is a multidisciplinary study that incorporates concepts from the physical sciences, economics/commerce, the humanities, and social sciences.  It studies the environment and the human impact on the environment.  

Environmental Studies

Law is a piece of legislation created by government or society to enforce a desired behavior or prohibit an undesired action. These rules govern the individuals that are citizens of that society or government or determine the actions taken by that body.

Studies the range of human sexual behavior and sexuality. 

Sexology

Social science disciplines focused on the study of human and animal behaviors through their interactions with the world at large. The four predominant disciplines within the behavioral sciences are:
* Anthropology
* Economics
* Psychology
* Sociology

Behavioral Sciences

Economics is the academic discipline that examines the interactions among people and between people and their natural surroundings in the context of producing and securing their means of subsistence. The field also investigates the evolution of these interactions through time and their variations among different societies.

Economics

Psychology is formally defined as the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. It focuses on understanding how individuals act, think, and feel, along with the underlying cognitive and physiological mechanisms. As a scientific discipline, it seeks to answer fundamental questions about a wide range of human phenomena by relying on empirical evidence rather than common sense.

Psychology

Individuals with disabilities have higher rates of unemployment even if their disabilities do not prevent them from working 

Disability Status (as a Characteristic of the Poor)

Persistent and significant gaps in academic performance and/or educational attainment between non-disabled and disabled students.

Disability Achievement Gap

- On average, students in all disability categories except speech impairments, emotional disturbances, and visual impairments performed significantly worse than students in the learning disabilities category.
- Students with disabilities showed a significantly slower rate of math growth
- The following disabilities groups showed significantly lower calculation scores than students with disabilities: intellectual disability, autism, traumatic brain injury, multiple disabilities
- Students with speech impairments showed significantly higher calculation scores than students with learning disabilities.

Disability Status and Math Growth Trajectory Results

Disability status refers to a person’s disabilities or lack thereof. A disability status refering to a lack of disabilities may include: able bodied, temporarily able bodied, neurotypical.

Disability Status

Ensuring that all people have the ability to utilize a product, facility, or service, regardless of any disability they may have. Accessibility may include the modification of existing infrastructure, products, or services or designing them with disabled users in mind.

Accessibility

While not all disabilities can fit neatly into one category, these categories generally encapsulate the types of disabilities through the Impairment Dimension.

-	Cognitive / Intellectual 
-	Chronic Illnesses 
-	Developmental
-	Mental 
-	Physical / Sensory
-	Speech / Communication


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