- Stephens, P. J., & Doherty, J. A. (1992)
- Gill, S., & Wright, D. (1994)
- Freudenheim, William 2020

References for hypertext design rationale

Definition of hypertext: hypertext is text displayed on a computer that has references to other text, which users can click to go back and forth between different text. 
Learning process: learning occurs by forming synaptic connections in the brain all the way to conceptual level to create new knowledge. 
Hypertext systems resemble the way that humans make meaningful connections in the brain. 

Hypertext externalizes and augments the human capacity to make meaningful connections

- Preconceptions about connections between hypertext and learning 
- New understanding of educational psychology and learning sciences, such as new models of cognition
- Technological advancements that enable experimentation in instructional tools

Three drivers of change

- Constructivism 
- Schema Theory and Computational Metaphors

Theories behind hypertext

Examples of hypertext

Hypertext systems can be used to enhance science learning, allowing non-programmers to build educational packages. 

The benefit of hypertext systems

The design rationale behind hypertext systems focuses on externalizing and augmenting the human capacity to make meaningful, non-linear connections, closely resembling the brain's synaptic pathways. Driven by technological advancements, evolving educational psychology models, and cognitive learning sciences, hypertext design is theoretically grounded in constructivism, schema theory, and computational metaphors (Freudenheim, 2020; Stephens & Doherty, 1992). These systems aim to enhance learning by allowing users to explore and build interconnected, customizable networks of knowledge.

University of California, Berkeley

Google

This paper tries to compare impact of Hybrid map and Concept map on Reading Comprehension, Delayed Reading Comprehension, Free Recall and Delayed Free Recall. In this paper reading material were taken from ACT exams.

Hybrid Map: Visualizing Relations Between Paragraphs Improves Readability, Reading Comprehension, and Learning Compared to Novakian Concept Maps

Reading materials from (American college testing) has been used in several studies as a standard materials for running different experiments. Because they are supposed to be a reasonable difficulty so that all college student can answer them.

ACT reading materials as a standard material for experiments

1. Concept maps improve reading comprehension
2. Text summaries are superior to text
3. Headings help comprehension
4. Left-to-right orientation improves readability
5. Pictorial 2D representation of text improves comprehension (DCT)
6. Insufficient detail and richness in Novakian concept maps

Hybrid map design rational

Language used in academic, scientific literature is not entirely standardized but has several characteristics and conventions that are commonly used. It is distinct from narrative or informal writing.


Academic Language in Science

A quasi-experimental studies performed upon 1st year medicine students, studying the effect of concept-map learning compared to normal learning on grades in two language classes (English and Romanian), showed that concept mapping significantly increased students' grade on language learning over a period of 6 months. 

They utilized concept maps that involved: first, developing a question/target topic; second, developing 10-20 words that are put into boxes hierarchically; and thied, connecting these boxes with explanatory arrows, hierarchically, then with expanding associations. Results are then measured through the students’ grades 3 and 6 months later. 


Effect of Anatomy Learning through Concept Mapping on Long Term Memory

Model for visualizing and understanding how readers ingest and comprehend a text. In the model, reading is envisioned as a cyclical process by which a reader engages with ideas in the text. Each cycle represents a new sentence or proposition. During a cycle concepts fluctuate into activation when they obtain the attention of the reader. Concepts that are activated throughout the cycles that occur while reading result in an episodic memory representation of the text or situation model. 


Landscape Model

Hypertext design rationale

- Definition of Theory 
- DCT supports our design 

Dual Coding Theory

1. The role of language in deductive reasoning is confined to an initial stage

Language and Deduction 

An instructional design theory based on human cognitive architecture.

Cognitive Load Theory (CLT)

- For whom is a picture worth a thousand words? Extensions of a dual-coding theory of multimedia learning

Dual coding theory - experiments

Knowledge that is conscious and can be verbalized: facts, data, and pieces of information, such as mathematical or scientific facts.

Declarative Knowledge 

The experimental methodology used to compare the impact of hybrid maps and concept maps on reading comprehension involved several key procedures:
- Providing participants with no incentive or reward.
- Administering a pre-test multiple-choice questionnaire (MCQ).
- Providing a sample passage and map to familiarize participants before the actual reading task.
- Utilizing free recall scoring to evaluate comprehension.
- Performing qualitative coding of participant feedback.

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