Many bacteria are pathogenic because they produce toxins that cause disease by altering the normal functions of cells. In order to affect the human body, the bacterial toxin must bind to an extracellular receptor of a specific cell. Vaccines stimulate the generation of antibodies that bind to this receptor-binding polypeptide to neutralize a toxin. 



Toxin-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies

Subunit vaccines are composed of capsular polysaccharides which promote the development of complement-fixing antibodies that bind to the capsule and break down the bacteria. 



Subunit Vaccines

Similar to live-attenuated viral vaccines, these bacterial vaccines are more effective at eliciting protective immunity because the attenuated bacteria can continue to replicate in order to mimic a real bacterial infection. Although there is still ongoing research to produce new live-attenuated bacterial vaccines, the number remains relatively small. 

Ex:

- Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccine

- Salmonella typhi Vaccine

Live-attenuated Bacterial Vaccines

Bacterial vaccines are made from whole bacteria, their secreted toxins, or capsular polysaccharides.

- Live-attenuated bacterial vaccine

- Vaccines that generate toxin-specific neutralizing antibodies

- Subunit/Conjugate vaccines

Tulane University

Bacteria are single celled, prokaryotic organisms that are capable of living in extreme conditions and have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan. They are either heterotrophic or autotrophic and can be harmless or cause disease (Mycobacterium tuberculosis).

Bacteria

Parham, P. (2009). Vaccination to Prevent Infectious Disease. In 1145902806 862124677 J. Foltin (Ed.), The Immune System (3rd ed., pp. 439-440). New York, New York: Garland Science, Taylor &amp; Francis Group.

The Immune System

Diseases that require arthropod vectors:
- Anaplasmosis
- Ehrlichiosis
- Epidemic Typhus
- Murine (Endemic) Typhus
- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
- Lyme Disease
- Relapsing Fever
- Trench Fever

Zoonotic Febrile Diseases

TSS is caused by a toxemic infection of the pathogen *Staphylococcus aureus*.

Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)

Streptococcal Toxic Shock-like Syndrome is caused by the pathogen *Streptococcus pyogenes*. 

Streptococcal Toxic Shock-like Syndrome

Puerperal Sepsis is most often caused by the pathogen *Streptococcus pyogenes*, but can also be caused by *Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., Chlamydia spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., Peptostreptococcus spp., Bacteroides spp.,* and *Clostridium spp.*

Puerperal Sepsis

Infectious Arthritis can be caused by many bacteria, most notably caused by the pathogens *S. aureus* or *Neisseria gonorrhoeae*. 

Infectious Arthritis

This inflammation of bone tissue is most commonly caused by the pathogen *S. aureus*, but can also be caused by *M. tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pyogenes, S. agalactiae*, Enterobacteriaceae species, and other microorganisms

Osteomyelitis

Rheumatic Fever is caused by infections of *S. pyogenes* that have nonsuppurative sequelae.

Rheumatic Fever

Bacterial Endocarditis can be caused by an infection of any of the following pathogens: *Staphylococcus aureus, viridans streptococci, Enterococcus faecalis, Haemophilus spp., Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens*, and *Kingella kingae*.

Bacterial Endocarditis 

Bacterial Pericarditis can be caused by *Staphylcoccus spp.* or *Streptococcus spp.*

Bacterial Pericarditis 

Gas Gangrene is caused by the endospores of the pathogen *Clostridium perfringens*.

Gas Gangrene

Tularemia, also known as rabbit fever, is caused by the pathogen *Francisella tularensis*.

Tularemia

There are four pathogens that can cause Brucellosis in humans: *B. abortus, B. canis, B. suis*, and *B. melitensis*.

Brucellosis

Cat Scratch Disease is caused by the pathogen *Bartonella henselae.*

Cat Scratch Disease

Rat-bite fever can be caused by two pathogens: *Streptobacillus moniliformis* or *Spirillum minor*

Rat- Bite Fever

Plagues are a disease that affects humans and other mammals. It is caused by the bacterium, *Yersinia pestis*. Humans usually get the plague after being bitten by a rodent flea that is carrying the plague bacterium or by handling an animal infected with the plague.

Plague

Bacteriology is the study of bacteria and how that affect human health as well as agriculture

Bacteriology

- The Immune System
- CDC
- Morphology and Classification of Bacteria

References for Bacteria

These are diseases caused by bacteria and spread to humans by arthropods.

Vector borne bacterial diseases

Bacteria are classified based on size, shape and arrangement. 

Morphology & Classification of Bacteria

- Cell Wall
- Plasma Membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Ribosomes
- Mesosomes
- Cytoplasmic Inclusions
- Nucleoid
- Capsule
- Flagella
- Pilus
- Fimbriae
- Plasmid DNA
- Endospore
- Inclusion Bodies

Bacterial Structures

Bacteria are diverse in their functions, structure and genomes. Some important classes and phyla among bacteria are:
- Proteobacteria
- Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria 
- Phototrophic Bacteria
- Gram-Positive Bacteria
- Deeply Branching Bacteria

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