- premises: philosopher's sense of statements
- conclusions: claims 

1- "at the first level of the argument there is the contention"

2- followed by a supporting claim and objection 

3- "…supported by more claims of support or objection, which become rebuttals when they are objections to objections…"

4 – "…basis boxes which provide defense for the terminal claims are provided at the end of the argument tree"

-"… Objections and rebuttals to objections can be added at any point in the map"
- basis boxes require evidence

Constructing an Argument Map

- studies have shown they improve students' critical thinking
- "…focuses on certain sub-class of relationships"
- limits items that can be mapped 
-  "…arguments have boundaries"
    - "…all reasons have to be grounded" 
    - "…grounds are presented as terminal 'basis' boxes for assumptions" and are evaluated for plausibility

Advantages of Argument Maps

- "… does not capture looser, more tangential relationships…"
- "…can assume that students have a sufficiently clear understanding of a topic or issue and the precise nature of the task at hand"

Disadvantages of Argument Maps

- "… allows students to display inferential connections between propositions and contentions, and to evaluate them in terms of validity of argument structure and the soundness of argument premises"
- relatively recent innovation (2000)
- analyzes inferential structure of arguments 
- key feature: "…inferences between whole propositions"
- "...interested in the inferential basis for a claim being defended and not the causal or other associative relationships between the main claim and other claims"

Syracuse University

Claremont Graduate University

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

- Lists
- Hypertext
- Hybrid Maps
- Concept Maps
- Mind Maps
- Knowledge Maps
- Argument Maps
- Decision Trees
- Cognitive Maps
- Conceptual Diagrams
- Visual Metaphors
- Venn Diagrams
- Fishbone Diagrams
- Tree Diagrams
- Causal Diagrams
- Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs)
- Affinity Diagrams

Knowledge Representation Methods

Davies, M. (2011). Concept mapping, mind mapping and argument mapping: what are the differences and do they matter?. Higher education, 62(3), 279-301.

Concept mapping, mind mapping and argument mapping: what are the differences and do they matter?

Argument Mapping

Mind map is a network of connected and related concepts. The connections in mind map is free-form and any idea could be connected to any other as long as there is certain association between ideas.

Mind Mapping

Hybrid maps is a left-to-right  non-linear hierarchical structure in which paragraphs are visually linked to each other.

Hybrid Mapping

"Concept maps are graphical tools for organizing and representing knowledge." "We could think of a concept map as a set of categories, and that the relationship between these categories is expressed through connections with linking phrases."

Concept Maps

Lists are the most basic method of representing knowledge. Lists are essentially just a column of ideas, concepts, and terms that relate to the core topic. They can be useful when you need to quickly jot down your thoughts about the topic, or if you do not yet know how to organize those thoughts.

Lists

A directed acyclic graph, often abbreviated as DAG, is a graph that has no cycle. This means that all nodes eventually lead to designated endpoints. They show causal relationships between nodes, where one node is the cause and leads to another node(s), the effect(s). 


Directed Acyclic Graphs

Hypertext is a form of knowledge representation on computer devices where some elements from each page anchor to other pages.

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