Sekhon, S., &amp; Gupta, V. (2023, January). Mood disorder - statpearls - NCBI bookshelf. National Library of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558911/ 

Mood Disorder definition and types

Most common types of mood disorders:
- Bipolar Disorder
- Anxiety Disorders
- Major Depressive Disorder
- Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
- Mood disorders related to another health condition 
- Substance-induced mood disorder

Types of Mood Disorders

- Growing research and evidence that early adversity plays an influential role in the onset of mood disorders, specifically unipolar depression, bipolar mood disorder and depression.
- Numerous studies linked mood disorders and reports of parental indifference, overcontrol, neglect, and physical and sexual abuse. 
- Recent reports that subjects with chronic as opposed to acute depression had an earlier age of onset and higher somatic and psychiatric comorbidity,



What is the link between childhood adversity and chronicity in mood disorders? 

- This was a cohort study done in Zurich, Switzerland with participants from ages 19/20 to 40/41 with six waves of interviews that was meant to measure, chronic depression, bipolar disorder, and unipolar depression in relation to childhood and conduct problems.
- Interview sample (N=591) was screened with Symptom checklist 90-R (SCL-90-R). the sample was stratified by high versus low scores on the General Severity Index of the SCL -90-R) (high risk vs low risk subjects) with oversampling of risk cases.
- Over the 20 years, attrition rate was 38% (44 p men 31p women). Only subjects participating in waves 3-6 (ages 27/28 -40/41) could be considered for the present analysis because the temporal criteria for dysthymia had not yet been developed. (1986-1999).





Zurich Study 

The results showed a total of 15.9% of the clients were coded with relational disorder, 11.5% developmental disorders, 10.2% socioeconomic problems, 10.1% anxiety disorders, 6.3% mood disorders, and 16.6% of the clients were coded with other problems such as academic, religious or spiritual problems, occupational or accommodation problems. Finally, 14.5% other clinical situations that did not fit on a precise diagnosis. Data regarding 14.8% of participants was missing regarding diagnosis.


Diagnosing Individuals via Psychological Intervention

- Antidepressants 
- Mood stabilizing medication 
- Psychotherapy 
- Alternative treatments (electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial stimulation)

Mood Disorder Treatments

Add any references you use when researching mood disorders. 

Mood Disorder References

These studies or experiments have been conducted to further understand mood disorders. 

Mood Disorder Research 

Biological Treatments
Mood Stabilizers
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Brain Stimulation

Treatment for Mood Disorders

- Beck-Depression Inventory (BDI)
- Quick Inventory of Depression Symptomatology (QIDS)
- Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D)
- Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)
- Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)
- The Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ)
- Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACE)
- Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS)

Current Scales used to measure Mood Disorder Symptoms

Qualities of Mood Disorders:

-mood shifts have no clear trigger

-mood is independent of current life events

-mood shift is gradual, happens over course of a couple of weeks

-duration of episode must be 2+ weeks

Qualities of RSD:

-mood shifts have trigger

-mood is reflective of current life events

-mood shift is immediate

-duration of episode is a few hours at most before returning to baseline


RSD vs Mood Disorders

Research indicates a connection between the structure and function of the hippocampus and various mood and anxiety disorders. This link is similar to the role observed for the amygdala in emotional processing.

Hippocampus's Link to Mood and Anxiety Disorders

While everyone experiences mood fluctuations, often in response to life events like the joy of a major victory or the sadness of a loss, these are considered normal. In contrast, the mood shifts in people with mood disorders are fundamentally different. They are extreme in nature, distort the individual's overall outlook on life, and are severe enough to impair their ability to function.

Distinguishing Normal Moods from Clinical Mood States

For individuals with mood disorders, the intense emotional pain, feelings of hopelessness, and overwhelming worthlessness can become unbearable. This profound distress, combined with an inability to cope, may lead them to view suicide as a potential escape from their suffering.

Mood Disorders and Suicidal Ideation

A significant biological factor in mood disorders involves imbalances in the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin. These chemicals are crucial for regulating key bodily functions that are often disrupted by these disorders, such as mood, sleep, appetite, arousal, and sex drive.

Neurotransmitter Imbalances as a Biological Basis for Mood Disorders

An individual named Alex has been feeling deeply sad and has had trouble sleeping since being laid off from his job a week ago. He is actively applying for new positions and occasionally sees friends. Another individual, Ben, has experienced a pervasive feeling of worthlessness and a loss of interest in all activities for the past two months. He has stopped going to his job and avoids all social contact. Based on the core principles that distinguish typical emotional fluctuations from a mood disorder, which statement is the most accurate analysis?

Mood disorders are defined as severe disturbances in mood and emotions, which can include depression, mania, and elation. Unlike typical emotional fluctuations, the mood shifts experienced in these disorders are extreme, distort an individual's perspective on life, and significantly impair their ability to function in daily activities.

Georgetown University

University of California, Davis

Villanova University

New York University

Syracuse University

Google

Psychopathology is a term with a dual meaning. It refers to the scientific study of psychological disorders, which includes investigating their symptoms, etiology (causes), and potential treatments. Concurrently, the term can also describe the manifestation of a psychological disorder itself, meaning the abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that indicate its presence.

Psychopathology

- Anxiety disorders
- Mood disorders 
- Psychotic disorders
- Personality disorders
- Eating disorders
- Sleep disorders
- Addiction
- Adjustment disorders

Categories of mental disorders/mental illnesses

A key family of polyunsaturated fats. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) are all beneficial in hindering the progressive of degenerative disorders, and have shown some evidence of being useful in treating mental illnesses such as mood disorders. 

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Mood disorders are the most common comorbid psychiatric condition among BED patients, affecting approximately 70% of them. The vast majority of these cases (69.9%) arise from major depressive disorder.

Mood Disorders in Binge Eating Disorder Patients

Wikipedia

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00406-010-0120-3

Childhood adversity and chronicity of mood disorder

Breedlove, S. & Watson, N. (2017). Behavioral neuroscience, eighth edition. Oxford University Press.

Behavioral Neuroscience 8th Edition

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

Mood Disorders

- Psychotic disorders
- Antipsychotic drugs
- Mood disorders
- Anxiety disorders
- Eating disorders
- Personality disorders
- Developmental disorders
- Substance use disorders
- Disruptive Behavior Disorders

Focuses of Psychopathology

Behaviors and internal experiences that are widely considered abnormal can serve as clear indicators of a psychological disorder. For instance, actions that violate social norms, such as wearing a heavy winter coat in July while screaming at strangers, or patterns like washing one's hands 40 times a day or claiming to hear demonic voices, are often identified as abnormal and suggestive of psychopathology.

Examples of Abnormal Behavior

Based on the scenario below, explain how the term 'psychopathology' applies in two different ways. First, describe the psychopathology as it relates to the client's experience. Second, describe the psychopathology as it relates to the psychologist's professional activities.

Applying the Dual Meaning of Psychopathology

Disorder Class: Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders

A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated, as manifested by the presence of three (or more) of the following criteria in the past 12 months from any of the categories below, with at least one criterion present in the past 6 months:
1. Aggression to people and  animals
2. Destruction of property
3. Deceitfulness or theft
4. Serious violations of rules
 
The disturbance in behavior causes clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning.
 
If the individual is age 18 years or older, criteria are not met for Antisocial Personality Disorder
 
Specify age onset:  Individuals show at least one symptom characteristic of conduct disorder prior to age 10 years

[DSM-5] Conduct Disorder Criteria

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is primarily defined by a pervasive pattern of instability across interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood, combined with significant impulsivity. Individuals with this disorder often experience intense emotions and may engage in frantic behaviors to manage their profound fear of abandonment.

Borderline Personality Disorder

A personality disorder is defined by a pervasive and inflexible personality style that significantly deviates from cultural norms, causing problems for the individual and for others. This pattern typically emerges during adolescence or early adulthood and leads to significant distress or functional impairment.

Personality Disorders

Feeding and Eating Disorders are characterized by persistent changes to eating or eating-related behaviors that result in altered consumption or absorption of food, significantly impairing an individual’s physical health and/or psychosocial functioning. 

Feeding and Eating Disorders

Sleep-Wake Disorders are defined using a multidimensional approach due to the expectations for co-existing or comorbid diagnosis in both mental and neurological health. They are largely characterized by individual’s interpretation of having dissatisfying sleep quality, timing, or amount of sleep. These complaints are often expressed alongside issues of distress or impairment during expected daytime activities. 

Sleep-Wake Disorders

Psychotic disorders are severe mental illnesses characterized by thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors that are so impaired the individual cannot function normally and becomes disconnected from reality. This state of being disconnected from the world is known as psychosis. People with these disorders often lose contact with reality and may experience extreme symptoms like hallucinations and delusions. Schizophrenia is a primary example of a psychotic disorder.

Psychotic Disorders

An adjustment disorder (AD) is a reaction to a stressful/significant life change. This reaction is marked by preoccupation with the responsible stressor shown by severe distress (more than what is typically expected) or constant thinking about the consequences of said stressor. This may alter one's mental health as a result. 

Adjustment Disorder

Anxiety disorders are characterized by features of excessive fear and anxiety, as well as related behavioral disturbances. These symptoms are often not temporary and linger beyond typical expectations. Excessiveness of these symptoms is clinician diagnosed with cultural contexts taken into consideration.

Anxiety Disorders

- Falls under the umbrella of substance use disorder. The word "addiction" is not formally recognized in the DSM-5.
- Strong, uncontrollable compulsion to administer a drug of abuse to yourself due to dependence.
- Acts on reward circuitry in the brain (dopamine) and changes the chemical composition of your brain over time.
- According to the DSM 5, only gambling addiction has been listed as a diagnosable disorder, the rest of the behavioral addictions are yet to find themselves a place on the DSM manual.

Addiction

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a grouping of disorders that are characterized by onset during the developmental period and present as deficits in functioning. NDDs were first introduced as a category in the DSM-5 in 2013 

NDDs include 
-Intellectual disability (ID) 
-Communication disorders
-Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) 
-Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
-Neurodevelopmental Motor Disorders (including tic disorders) 
-Specific Learning Disorders

Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDDs)

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are found primarily in fish. ALA (alpha-linolenic acid) is found in in plant sources such as nuts and seeds.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Nature

Major depressive disorder is a type of depressive disorder characterized by distinct episodes involving deep sadness and a loss of interest or enjoyment in previously pleasurable activities, among other related symptoms.

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