External regulation is when behaviors are enacted in order to obtain a reward or punishment. This is the first level of extrinsic motivation and is the least autonomous of the four. Behaviors are poorly maintained once the controlling contingencies are removed. An example of external regulation is when a student studies only for a good grade and won’t continue to learn after the test is over. This type of motivation has an external locus of causality. 

External Regulation

Introjected regulation, the second level of extrinsic motivation, is enacted to satisfy internal contingencies such as self aggrandizement or avoidance of self derogation. An example of introjected regulation is when a student studies to feel pride and avoid feeling guilty for not studying enough. This type of motivation also has an external locus of causality. 

Introjected Regulation

Identified regulation is the third level of extrinsic motivation and is more autonomous than the previous two levels. This motivation can be seen when behaviors are enacted because they are considered valuable or important. For example, if a student is planning to become a doctor, they might focus on studying anatomy because mastery of such information is important for future competence in medicine. This level of extrinsic motivation has an internal locus of causality. 

Identified Regulation

Integrated regulation is the fourth level of extrinsic motivation. This occurs when the third level identified regulations have been synthesized with other aspects of the self. In this case, an example would be studying medicine because it is enabling her to enter a profession that aligns with her values and interests. This level of extrinsic motivation has an internal locus of causality and is the most autonomous of the four.

Integrated Regulation

According to SDT, there are four types of extrinsic motivation, as listed below. 

1. External Regulation
2. Introjected Regulation
3. Identified Regulation
4. Integrated Regulation

Tulane University

When the means of participation is to achieve some other goal (status, money, etc.). For example, if I play a sport because I think it will impress someone. Extrinsic motivation involves doing something to receive something form others.

Extrinsic Motivation

Ryan, R. M., &amp; Niemiec, C. P. (2009). Autonomy, competence, and relatedness in the classroom: Applying self-determination theory to educational practice - Christopher P. Niemiec, Richard M. Ryan, 2009.

Autonomy, competence, and relatedness in the classroom; Applying self-determination theory to educational practice (Niemiec & Ryan, 2009)

Goals with an "outward" orientation - meaning they are concerned with extrinsic manifestations of worth rather than fulfilling innate need satisfaction  (Williams, Cox, Hedberg, & Deci, 2000; Fromm, 1976; Van Boven & Gilovich, 2003). In SDT, they include:
- wealth 
- fame
- image
- physical appearance 

Extrinsic goals

- Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: A 40-year meta-analysis
- Teachers’ perceptions of academic intrinsic motivation for students with disabilities

References about extrinsic and intrinsic motivation

Posited by Fogg, they are external events or actions that coerces/persuades users to perform a certain action. Triggers can be classified as:
- Sparks (draws upon motivating factors)
- Facilitators (draws upon ability/enabling factors)
- Signals (draws upon regularities or habits).

Behavioral Triggers

Incentivizing or convincing users to contribute content on the platform. This can be showing them that the utility of adding content is greater than the cost of having to create it.

Encouraging contributions in online communities

Meeting the expectations of one's peers draws on both behavioral and emotional engagement, and can facilitate further discussion that is usually absent when being assessed by a lecturer.

"Motivated by the knowledge that there is an audience."

Types of Extrinsic Motivation

"The extrinsic reward structures of engagement-contingent rewards, completion-contingent rewards, and performance-contingent rewards all undermine intrinsic motivation in most cases... Adding too many extrinsic badges, points, or rewards may undermine your efforts." (Kapp 2012).



Extrinsic - Intrinsic Motivation Conflicts

Willingness and consistency in performing said task. Can also be seen as "positive conduct" or "participation" with regards to the task at hand. Usually measured by:
- Persistence
- Level of concentration
- Contributions made

Behavioral Engagement

Self-Determination Theory has been utilized by some physicians to aid in patient's wellbeing. This is usually done by encouraging exercise, healthy eating, diabetes self-management, and more. The theory is that by encouraging and rewarding positive behavior. patients can improve themselves.

Self-Determination Theory in Healthcare

A proper parent-child relationship is supposed to support the child physically and emotionally. When done effectively, children are more likely to succeed in school and be happier in life. Negative parent-child relationships harm the ability of a student to succeed in academic settings.

Parent-Child Relationships in Education 

If someone wants to be an actor because they want to become famous, do they have intrinsic or extrinsic motivation for pursuing acting?

Extrinsic motivation stems from external factors. Common examples of these external drivers include tangible outcomes like compensation, the avoidance of punishment, or the attainment of other external rewards.

Examples of Extrinsic Motivators: Compensation, Punishment, and Reward

A student whose primary reason for attending college is to obtain a degree that leads to a high-paying career or to fulfill parental expectations is driven by extrinsic motivation. In this case, the behavior is directed by the pursuit of external outcomes, such as financial gain or social approval.

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