Individuals who focus on extrinsic goals are more concerned with:
- interpersonal comparison (Patrick, Neighbours, & Knee, 2004; Sirgy, 1998)
- the outside approval of their interpersonal comparisons (Kernis, 2003)
- acquiring external signs of self-worth (Kasser, Ryan, Couchman, & Sheldon, 2004)

Because of this, (compared to the pursuit of intrinsic goals) the pursuit of extrinsic goals are associated with poorer well-being and worse functioning  (Kasser & Ryan, 1996).

What do individuals who tend to set Extrinsic Goals focus on?

Correlational studies have shown that when people have aspirations for extrinsic life goals (relative to intrinsic ones), they tend to have: 
- lower life satisfaction
- lower self-esteem
- lower self-actualization
- higher depression and anxiety
- poorer relationship quality 
- less cooperative behavior 
- greater prejudice and social-dominant attitudes 
- academic maladjustment (Ryan, Sheldon, Kasser, & Deci, 1996)

(Duriez, Vansteenkiste, Soenens, & De Witte, 2004; Kasser & Ryan, 1993, 1996; McHoskey, 1999; Sheldon & McGregor, 2000; Sheldon, & Osbaldiston, 2000; Vansteenkiste, Duriez, Simons, & Soenens, in press)

Effects of extrinsic goals on individuals who set them

Intrinsic goals promote (while extrinsic goals worsen):
- academic adjustment
- deep-level processing (observed and reported)
- test performance
- free-choice persistence

Academic effects of goal content (intrinsic or extrinsic)

Goals with an "outward" orientation - meaning they are concerned with extrinsic manifestations of worth rather than fulfilling innate need satisfaction  (Williams, Cox, Hedberg, & Deci, 2000; Fromm, 1976; Van Boven & Gilovich, 2003). In SDT, they include:
- wealth 
- fame
- image
- physical appearance 

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

When the means of participation is to achieve some other goal (status, money, etc.). For example, if I play a sport because I think it will impress someone. Extrinsic motivation involves doing something to receive something form others.

Extrinsic Motivation

A goal is a desired outcome that an individual is aiming to achieve.  It is what the goal is trying to achieve. A goal can be either:
- Intrinsic
- Extrinsic

Goal

Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W., & Deci, E. L. (2006). Intrinsic versus extrinsic goal contents in self-determination theory: Another look at the quality of academic motivation. Educational psychologist, 41(1), 19-31.

Intrinsic versus extrinsic goal contents in self-determination theory: Another look at the quality of academic motivation

Extrinsic goals

- Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: A 40-year meta-analysis
- Teachers’ perceptions of academic intrinsic motivation for students with disabilities

References about extrinsic and intrinsic motivation

Posited by Fogg, they are external events or actions that coerces/persuades users to perform a certain action. Triggers can be classified as:
- Sparks (draws upon motivating factors)
- Facilitators (draws upon ability/enabling factors)
- Signals (draws upon regularities or habits).

Behavioral Triggers

Incentivizing or convincing users to contribute content on the platform. This can be showing them that the utility of adding content is greater than the cost of having to create it.

Encouraging contributions in online communities

Meeting the expectations of one's peers draws on both behavioral and emotional engagement, and can facilitate further discussion that is usually absent when being assessed by a lecturer.

"Motivated by the knowledge that there is an audience."

According to SDT, there are four types of extrinsic motivation, as listed below. 

1. External Regulation
2. Introjected Regulation
3. Identified Regulation
4. Integrated Regulation

Types of Extrinsic Motivation

"The extrinsic reward structures of engagement-contingent rewards, completion-contingent rewards, and performance-contingent rewards all undermine intrinsic motivation in most cases... Adding too many extrinsic badges, points, or rewards may undermine your efforts." (Kapp 2012).



Extrinsic - Intrinsic Motivation Conflicts

Willingness and consistency in performing said task. Can also be seen as "positive conduct" or "participation" with regards to the task at hand. Usually measured by:
- Persistence
- Level of concentration
- Contributions made

Behavioral Engagement

Self-Determination Theory has been utilized by some physicians to aid in patient's wellbeing. This is usually done by encouraging exercise, healthy eating, diabetes self-management, and more. The theory is that by encouraging and rewarding positive behavior. patients can improve themselves.

Self-Determination Theory in Healthcare

A proper parent-child relationship is supposed to support the child physically and emotionally. When done effectively, children are more likely to succeed in school and be happier in life. Negative parent-child relationships harm the ability of a student to succeed in academic settings.

Parent-Child Relationships in Education 

If someone wants to be an actor because they want to become famous, do they have intrinsic or extrinsic motivation for pursuing acting?

Extrinsic motivation stems from external factors. Common examples of these external drivers include tangible outcomes like compensation, the avoidance of punishment, or the attainment of other external rewards.

Examples of Extrinsic Motivators: Compensation, Punishment, and Reward

A student whose primary reason for attending college is to obtain a degree that leads to a high-paying career or to fulfill parental expectations is driven by extrinsic motivation. In this case, the behavior is directed by the pursuit of external outcomes, such as financial gain or social approval.

Example of Extrinsic Motivation in Education

Leads to the direct satisfaction of psychological needs (R. M. Ryan & Deci, 2000a, 2000b). In SDT, they include:
- personal growth
- relationships/affiliation
- community contribution
- health

Intrinsic goals

Intrinsic goal framing will work well with (benefits) intrinsically oriented people, while extrinsic goal framing works well with (benefits) extrinsic oriented people (Hidi & Harackiewicz, 2000; Sagiv & Schwartz, 2000). There is strong evidence that this is not the case (in learning intrinsic framing consistently works better regardless of the students' goal orientation). 

The Match Hypothesis

S.M.A.R.T. goals serve as a structured framework to help individuals set and achieve their main objectives (i.e., goals). Below lists what each letter means:
- S - Specific 
- M - Measurable
- A - Achievable
- R - Relevant
- T - Time-bound

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