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Associative Property of Multiplication

The associative property of multiplication states that when three or more numbers are multiplied, the way in which they are grouped does not affect the product. For any real numbers aa, bb, and cc:

(ab)c=a(bc)(a \cdot b) \cdot c = a \cdot (b \cdot c)

For example, (23)4=64=24(2 \cdot 3) \cdot 4 = 6 \cdot 4 = 24 and 2(34)=212=242 \cdot (3 \cdot 4) = 2 \cdot 12 = 24. No matter how the factors are grouped, the product remains the same. Together with the associative property of addition, this property allows the grouping of terms in a product to be rearranged for computational convenience — for instance, pairing factors that produce a round number first can simplify mental arithmetic.

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Updated 2026-05-02

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