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Vertical Translation of an Exponential Function

When examining the graphs of an exponential function and a related function where a constant is subtracted, such as f(x)=3xf(x) = 3^x and g(x)=3x2g(x) = 3^x - 2, subtracting the constant causes a vertical shift down by that number of units. This translation also shifts the horizontal asymptote down by the same amount. Recognizing this pattern allows for graphing other exponential functions by applying vertical translation.

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Updated 2026-05-25

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Ch.10 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions - Intermediate Algebra @ OpenStax

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